The Complex

Plane;
DeMoivre's
Theorem
Real
Axis
Imaginary
Axis
Remember a complex number has a real part and an
imaginary part. These are used to plot complex
numbers on a complex plane.
yi x z + =
The magnitude or modulus
of z denoted by z is the
distance from the origin to
the point (x, y).
y
x
z
2 2
y x z + =
u
|
.
|

\
|
=

x
y
1
tan u
The angle formed from the
real axis and a line from the
origin to (x, y) is called the
argument of z, with
requirement that 0 s u < 2t.
modified for quadrant
and so that it is
between 0 and 2t
yi x z + =
The magnitude or modulus of
z is the same as r.
We can take complex numbers given as
and convert them to polar form. Recall the conversions:
Real
Axis
Imaginary
Axis
yi x z + =
y
x
z = r
o
u cos r x =
u sin r y =
( ) ( )i r r z u u sin cos + =
Plot the complex number:
i z + = 3
Find the polar form of this
number.
1
3
( ) ( ) 2 4 1 3
2
2
= = + = r
u
|
.
|

\
|

=

3
1
tan
1
o but in Quad II
6
5t
u =
|
.
|

\
|
+ =
6
5
sin
6
5
cos 2
t t
i z
( ) u u sin cos i r + =
factor r out
The Principal Argument is between -t and t
Real
Axis
Imaginary
Axis
y
x
z = r
o
1
3
u
|
.
|

\
|

=

3
1
tan
1
o but in Quad II
6
5t
u =
|
.
|

\
|
+ =
6
5
sin
6
5
cos 2
t t
i z
6
5
arg
6
5
arg
t t
= = principal z
It is easy to convert from polar to rectangular form
because you just work the trig functions and distribute
the r through.
i + = 3 |
.
|

\
|
+ =
6
5
sin
6
5
cos 2
t t
i z
|
|
.
|

\
|
+ = i
2
1
2
3
2
2
3

2
1
If asked to plot the point and it
is in polar form, you would
plot the angle and radius.
2
6
5t
Notice that is the same as
plotting
3 i +
3
1
use sum formula for sin use sum formula for cos
Replace i
2
with -1 and group real terms and then imaginary terms
( ) ( )i r r
2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1
sin cos cos sin sin sin cos cos u u u u u u u u + + =
Must FOIL these
( )( )
2 2 1 1 2 1
sin cos sin cos u u u u i i r r + + =
( )
2
1 2 1 2 2 1 1 2 1 2
cos cos sin cos sin cos sin sin rr i i i u u u u u u u u = + + +
Let's try multiplying two complex numbers in polar
form together.
( )
1 1 1 1
sin cos u u i r z + = ( )
2 2 2 2
sin cos u u i r z + =
( ) ( )
1 2 1 1 1 2 2 2
cos sin cos sin z z r i r i u u u u ( ( = + +

( ) ( ) ( )
2 1 2 1 2 1
sin cos u u u u + + + = i r r
Look at where we started and where we ended up and
see if you can make a statement as to what happens to
the r 's and the u 's when you multiply two complex
numbers.
Multiply the Moduli and Add the Arguments
( ) ( )
Then numbers. complex two be
sin cos and sin cos Let
2 2 2 2 1 1 1 1
u u u u i r z i r z + = + =
( ) ( )
| |
z
z
r
r
i
1
2
1
2
1 2 1 2
= + cos sin u u u u
then , 0 If
2
= z
(This says to multiply two complex numbers in polar
form, multiply the moduli and add the arguments)
(This says to divide two complex numbers in polar form,
divide the moduli and subtract the arguments)
( ) ( ) | |
2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1
sin cos u u u u + + + = i r r z z
( ) ( )
Then numbers. complex two be
sin cos and sin cos Let
2 2 2 2 1 1 1 1
u u u u i r z i r z + = + =
( ) ( )
| |
z
z
r
r
i
1
2
1
2
1 2 1 2
= + cos sin u u u u
then , 0 If
2
= z
( ) ( ) | |
2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1
sin cos u u u u + + + = i r r z z
( ) | |
2 1 2 1 2 1
u u + = cis r r z z
( ) | |
2 1
2
1
2
1
u u = cis
r
r
z
z
( ) ( )
w z zw
i w i z
(b) (a) : find
, 120 sin 120 cos 6 and 40 sin 40 cos 4 If

+ = + =
( ) ( )
4 cos 40 sin 40 6 cos120 sin120 zw i i
( (
= + +

( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) | |

120 40 sin 120 40 cos 6 4 + + + = i
( )
24 cos160 sin160 i = +
multiply the moduli add the arguments
(the i sine term will have same argument)
If you want the answer
in rectangular
coordinates simply
compute the trig
functions and multiply
the 24 through.
( ) i 34202 . 0 93969 . 0 24 + =
i 21 . 8 55 . 22 + =
( )
( )
z
w
i
i
=
+
+
4 40 40
6 120 120
cos sin
cos sin
( ) ( )
| |
= +
4
6
40 120 40 120 cos sin i
( ) ( )
| |
= +
2
3
80 80 cos sin i
divide the moduli subtract the arguments
In polar form we want an angle between -180 and 180
PRINCIPAL ARGUMENT
In rectangular
coordinates:
( ) i i 66 . 0 12 . 0 9848 . 0 1736 . 0
3
2
= =
Abraham de Moivre
(1667 - 1754)
DeMoivres Theorem
( )
If is a complex number,
then
z r i = + cos sin u u
( )
z r n i n
n n
= + cos sin u u
integer. positive a is 1 where > n
You can repeat this process raising
complex numbers to powers. Abraham
DeMoivre did this and proved the
following theorem:
( )
z r n i n
n n
= + cos sin u u
This says to raise a complex number to a power, raise the
modulus to that power and multiply the argument by that
power.
(

|
.
|

\
|
+
|
.
|

\
|
=
6
5
4 sin
6
5
4 cos 2
4
t t
i
( )
4
3 i +
( )
r = + = = 3 1 4 2
2
2
( )
4
4
6
5
sin
6
5
cos 2 3
(

|
.
|

\
|
+ = +
t t
i i
This theorem is used to raise complex numbers
to powers. It would be a lot of work to find
( )( )( )( ) i i i i + + + + = 3 3 3 3
you would need to FOIL
and multiply all of these
together and simplify
powers of i --- UGH!
Instead let's convert to polar form
and use DeMoivre's Theorem.
|
.
|

\
|

=

3
1
tan
1
u
but in Quad II
6
5t
u =
(

|
.
|

\
|
+
|
.
|

\
|
=
3
10
sin
3
10
cos 16
t t
i
|
|
.
|

\
|
|
|
.
|

\
|
+ = i
2
3
2
1
16
= 8 8 3i
Solve the following over the set of complex numbers:
1
3
= z
We know that if we cube root both sides we
could get 1 but we know that there are 3
roots. So we want the complex cube roots of
1.
Using DeMoivre's Theorem with the power being a
rational exponent (and therefore meaning a root), we can
develop a method for finding complex roots. This leads
to the following formula:
(

|
.
|

\
|
+ +
|
.
|

\
|
+ =
n
k
n
i
n
k
n
r z
n
k
t u t u 2
sin
2
cos
1 , , 2 , 1 , 0 where = n k
( ) ( ) 1 0 1
2 2
= + = r
(

|
.
|

\
|
+ +
|
.
|

\
|
+ =
n
k
n
i
n
k
n
r z
n
k
t u t u 2
sin
2
cos
Let's try this on our problem. We want the cube roots of 1.
We want cube root so our n = 3. Can you convert 1 to
polar form? (hint: 1 = 1 + 0i)
0
1
0
tan
1
=
|
.
|

\
|
=

u
We want cube
root so use 3
numbers here
Once we build the formula, we use it first
with k = 0 and get one root, then with k = 1
to get the second root and finally with k = 2
for last root.
2 , 1 , 0 for ,
3
2
3
0
sin
3
2
3
0
cos 1
3
=
(

|
.
|

\
|
+ +
|
.
|

\
|
+ = k
k
i
k
z
k
t t
( ) ( ) | | 1 0 sin 0 cos 1 = + = i
Here's the root we
already knew.
( ) ( )
(

|
.
|

\
|
+ +
|
.
|

\
|
+ =
3
1 2
3
0
sin
3
1 2
3
0
cos 1
3
1
t t
i z
i i
2
3
2
1
3
2
sin
3
2
cos 1 + =
(

|
.
|

\
|
+
|
.
|

\
|
=
t t
( ) ( )
(

|
.
|

\
|
+ +
|
.
|

\
|
+ =
3
2 2
3
0
sin
3
2 2
3
0
cos 1
3
2
t t
i z
i i
2
3
2
1
3
4
sin
3
4
cos 1 =
(

|
.
|

\
|
+
|
.
|

\
|
=
t t
If you cube any of
these numbers
you get 1.
(Try it and see!)
( ) ( )
(

|
.
|

\
|
+ +
|
.
|

\
|
+ =
3
0 2
3
0
sin
3
0 2
3
0
cos 1
3
0
t t
i z
2 , 1 , 0 for ,
3
2
3
0
sin
3
2
3
0
cos 1
3
=
(

|
.
|

\
|
+ +
|
.
|

\
|
+ = k
k
i
k
z
k
t t
i i
2
3
2
1
,
2
3
2
1
, 1 +
We found the cube roots of 1 were:
Let's plot these on the complex
plane
about 0.9
Notice each of
the complex
roots has the
same magnitude
(1). Also the
three points are
evenly spaced
on a circle. This
will always be
true of complex
roots.
each line is 1/2 unit