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The protection afforded to an automated information system in order to attain the applicable objectives of preserving the integrity, availability and confidentiality of information system resources (includes hardware, software, firmware, information/data, and telecommunications) is called Computer Security.
The protection afforded to an automated information system in order to attain the applicable objectives of preserving the integrity, availability and confidentiality of information system resources (includes hardware, software, firmware, information/data, and telecommunications) is called Computer Security.
The protection afforded to an automated information system in order to attain the applicable objectives of preserving the integrity, availability and confidentiality of information system resources (includes hardware, software, firmware, information/data, and telecommunications) is called Computer Security.
Introduction 2 What is Computer Security? The protection afforded to an automated information system in order to attain the applicable objectives of preserving the integrity, availability and confidentiality of information system resources (includes hardware, software, firmware, information/data, and telecommunications) is called Computer Security. 3 What is Computer Security? For some Computer Security is controlling access to hardware, software and data of a computerized system. A large measure of computer security is simply keeping the computer system's information secure. In broader terms, computer security can be thought of as the protection of the computer and its resources against accidental or intentional disclosure of confidential data, unlawful modification of data or programs, the destruction of data, software or hardware. Computer security also includes the denial of use of ones computer facilities for criminal activities including computer related fraud and blackmail. Finally, computer security involves the elimination of weaknesses or vulnerabilities that might be exploited to cause loss or harm. 4 The Need for Computer Security Why the need for Computer Security? The value of computer assets and services What is the new IT environment? Networks and distributed applications/services Electronic Commerce (E-commerce, E-business) 5 The Value of Computer Assets and Services Most companies use electronic information extensively to support their daily business processes. Data is stored on customers, products, contracts, financial results, accounting etc. If this electronic information were to become available to competitors or to become corrupted, false or disappear, what would happen? What would the consequences be? Could the business still function? 6 Network Security Issues The network is the computer Proliferation of networks has increased security risks much more. Sharing of resources increases complexity of system. Unknown perimeter (linked networks), unknown path. Many points of attack. Computer security has to find answers to network security problems. Hence today the field is called Computer and Network Security. 7 Is there a Security Problem in Computing? Computer fraud in the U.S. alone exceeds $3 billion each year. Less than 1% of all computer fraud cases are detected over 90% of all computer crime goes unreported. Although no one is sure how much is lost to EFT crime annually, the consensus is that the losses run in the billions of dollars. Yet few in the financial community are paying any heed. Average computer bank theft amounts to $1.5 million. 8 Computer Crimes ... Over 25% of all Fortune 500 corporations have been victimized by computer crime with an average loss of $2-10 million. Total estimated losses due to computer crime range from $300 million to $500 billion per year. Computer-related crime has been escalating at a dramatic rate. Computer crimes continue to grow and plague companies. Computer crime is almost inevitable in any organization unless adequate protections are put in place. 9 Data From Real World The following figures are included (source: Datapro Research) as example, to give an idea what is going on in the real world. Common Causes of damage: Human Error 52%, Dishonest people 10%, Technical Sabotage 10%, Fire 15%, Water 10% and Terrorism 3%. Who causes damage? Current employees 81%, Outsiders 13%, Former employees 6%. Types of computer crime: Money theft 44%, Damage of software 16%, Theft of information 16%, Alteration of data 12%, Theft of services 10%, Trespass 2%. 10 Computer Viruses 53% of BYTE readers have suffered losses of data that cost an average of $14,000 per occurrence. There are over 3000 viruses with new ones developed daily. A survey of over 600 companies and government agencies in the U.S. and Canada shows that 63% found at least one virus on their PCs last year. 11 Natural Disasters Another Dimension Millions of dollars of damage resulted from the 1989 San Francisco earthquake. The fire at Subang International Airport knocked out the computers controlling the flight display system. A post office near the Computer Room was also affected by the soot which decommissioned the post office counter terminals. According to the caretaker, the computers were not burnt but crashed because soot entered the hard disks. Fire, Earthquakes, Floods, Electrical hazards, etc. How to prevent? 12 Negligence - The Human Factor Over 85% of the destruction of valuable computer data involves inadvertent acts. How to prevent? Proper user training Idiot proofing 13 Computer Security Requirements Secrecy Integrity Availability Authenticity Non-repudiation Access control 14 Secrecy (Confidentiality) Secrecy requires that the information in a computer system only be accessible for reading by authorized parties. This type of access includes: Printing Displaying Other forms of disclosure, including simply revealing the existing of an object 15 Integrity Integrity requires that the computer system asset can be modified only by authorized parties. Modification includes: Writing Changing Changing status Deleting and Creating 16 More About Integrity I ntegrity: In lay usage, information has integrity when it is timely, accurate, complete, and consistent. However, computers are unable to provide or protect all of these qualities. Therefore, in the computer security field, integrity is often discussed more narrowly as having two data integrity and system integrity. Data integrity is a requirement that information and programs are changed only in a specified and authorized manner. System integrity is a requirement that a system performs its intended function in an unimpaired manner, free from deliberate or inadvertent unauthorized manipulation of the system. The definition of integrity has been, and continues to be, the subject of much debate among computer security experts. 17 Availability Availability requires that computer system assets are available to authorized parties. Availability is a requirement intended to assure that systems work promptly and service is not denied to authorized users. 18 Security of Data Data Confidentiality Data Integrity Data Availability Secure Data Data 19 Authenticity Authenticity means that parties in a information services can ascertain the identity of parties trying to access information services. Also means that the origin of the message is certain. Therefore two types: Principal Authentication Message Authentication 20 Non-repudiation Originator of communications cant deny it later. Without non-repudiation you could place an order for 1 million dollars of equipment online and then simply deny it later. Or you could send an email inviting a friend to the dinner and then disclaim it later. Non-repudiation associates the identity of the originator with the transaction in a non-deniable way. 21 Access Control Unauthorized users are kept out of the system. Unauthorized users are kept out of places on the system/disk. Typically makes use of Directories or Access Control Lists (ACLs) or Access Control Matrix Objects: Resources that need to be protected Subjects: Entities that need access to resources Rights: Permissions Each entry is a triple <subject, object, rights> 22 Access Control Matrix OBJECT 1 OBJECT 2 OBJECT 3 OBJECT 4 SUBJECT 1 ORW ORW R X SUBJECT 2 R RW R R SUBJECT 3 X X ORW ORW SUBJECT 4 R R R RW SUBJECT N X R R X 23 Multiple Access Controls 24 Security Requirements are often Combined For example: User authentication used for access authorization control purposes in confidentiality. Non-repudiation is combined with authentication. Confidentiality Availability Integrity 25 Type of Attacks/Threats in Computer Systems A threat is a danger which could affect the security (confidentiality, integrity, availability) of assets, leading to a potential loss or damage. Interruption Interception Modification Fabrication 26 Type of Attacks in Computer Systems 27 Normal Flow of Information 28 Interruption An asset of the system is destroyed or becomes unavailable or unusable. This is an attack on the availability. Examples include destruction of a piece of hardware, such as a hard disk, the cutting of a communication link, or the disabling of the file management system. DOS - Denial of Service Attacks have become very well known.
29 Interruption 30 Interception Information disclosure/information leakage An unauthorized party gains access to an asset. This is an attack on confidentiality. The unauthorized party could be a person, a program, or a computer. Examples include: wiretapping to capture data in a network the illicit copying of files or programs 31 Interception 32 Modification Modification is integrity violation. An unauthorized party not only gains access to but tampers with an asset. This is an attack on the integrity. Examples include changing values in a data file, altering a program so that it performs differently, and modifying the content of a message being transmitted in a network. 33 Modification 34 Fabrication An unauthorized party inserts counterfeit objects into the system. This is an attack on the authenticity. Examples include the insertion of spurious messages in a network or the addition of records to a file. 35 Fabrication 36 Classification of Attacks Computer Security attacks can be classified into two broad categories: Passive Attacks can only observe communications or data. Active Attacks can actively modify communications or data. Often difficult to perform, but very powerful. Examples include Mail forgery/modification TCP/IP spoofing/session hijacking 37 Passive Attacks and Active Attacks 38 Passive Attacks and Active Attacks 39 Passive Attacks Eavesdropping on or monitoring of transmission. The goal of the opponent is to obtain information that is being transmitted. Two types: Release-of-message contents Traffic Analysis 40 Release-of-message Contents Opponent finds out the contents or the actual messages being transmitted. How to protect? Encryption Steganography 41 Traffic Analysis More subtle than release-of-message contents. Messages may be kept secret by masking or encryption but The opponent figures out information being carried by the messages based on the frequency and timings of the message. How to protect? Data/Message Padding Filler Sequences 42 Passive Attacks Problems Difficult to detect because there is no modification of data. Protection approach should be based on prevention rather than detection. 43 Active Attacks Active attacks involve some sort of modification of the data stream or the creation of a false stream. Four sub-categories: Masquerade Replay Modification of Messages Denial of service 44 Masquerade An entity pretends to be another. For the purpose of doing some other form of attack. Example a system claims its IP address to be what it is not, IP spoofing. How to protect? Principal/Entity Authentication 45 Replay First passive capture of data and then its retransmission to produce an unauthorized effect. Could be disastrous in case of critical messages such as authentication sequences, even if the password were encrypted. How to protect? Time stamps Sequence Numbers 46 Modification of Messages Some portion of a legitimate message is altered or messages are delayed or reordered to produce an unauthorized effect. How to protect? Message Authentication Codes Chaining 47 Denial of Service - DOS Prevents the normal use or management of communication facilities. Such attacks have become very common on the Internet especially against web servers. On the Internet remotely located hackers can crash the TCP/IP software by exploiting known vulnerabilities in various implementations. One has to constantly look out for software updates and security patches to protect against these attacks. 48 Problems with Active Attacks Easy to detect but difficult to prevent. Efforts are directed to quickly recover from disruption or delays. Good thing is that detection will have a deterrent effect. 49 How Threats Affect Computer Systems HARDWARE SOFTWARE DATA Interception (Theft) Interruption (Denial of Service) Interception (Eavesdropping) Interruption (Loss) Interception (Theft) Interruption (Deletion) Modification (Malicious Code) Fabrication Modification 50 A Model for Network Security 51 Security Protocols A protocol is a series of steps, involving two or more parties, designed to accomplish a task. Every one involved in a protocol must know the protocol and all of the steps to follow in advance. Everyone involved in the protocols must agree to follow it. The protocol must be unambiguous; each step must be well defined and there must be no chance of misunderstanding. The protocol must be complete; there must be a specified action for every possible situation. It should not be possible to do more or learn more than what is specified in the protocol. 52 The Actors in Security Protocols Alice First participant in all the protocols Bob Second participant in all the protocols Carol Participant in three- and four-party protocols Dave Participant in four-party protocols Eve Eavesdropper Mallory Malicious active intruder Trent Trusted arbitrator Victor Verifier Peggy Prover Walter Warden; hell be guarding Alice and Bob in some protocols 53 Security Protocol Types Arbitrated Protocols Adjudicated Protocols Self Enforcing Protocols Example Protocols Key Exchange Protocols Authentication Protocols Time stamping Service Digital Cash Bob Trent Alice (a) Arbitrated Protocol Bob Trent Alice (b) Adjudicated Protocol Evidence Evidence (After the fact) Bob Alice (c) Self-enforcing Protocol 54 Security Protocol Layers The further down you go, the more transparent it is
The further up you go, the easier it is to deploy Application Presentation Session Transport Network Datalink Physical Application Presentation Session Transport Network Datalink Physical Email - S/MIME SSL IPSec PPP - ECP PHYSICAL NETWORK Encrypting NIC Encrypting NIC 55 Security Services Provided by Security Protocols Access control: Protects against unauthorized use. Authentication: Provides assurance of someone's identity. Confidentiality: Protects against disclosure to unauthorized identities. Integrity: Protects from unauthorized data alteration. Non-repudiation: Protects against originator of communications later denying it. 56 Security Mechanisms Three basic building blocks are used: Encryption is used to provide confidentiality, can provide authentication and integrity protection. Digital signatures are used to provide authentication, integrity protection, and non- repudiation. Checksums/hash algorithms are used to provide integrity protection, can provide authentication. One or more security mechanisms are combined to provide a security service/protocol. 57 Services, Mechanisms, Algorithms A typical security protocol provides one or more security services (authentication, secrecy, integrity, etc.) Services are built from mechanisms. Mechanisms are implemented using algorithms. SSL Signatures Encryption Hashing DSA RSA RSA DES SHA1 MD5 Services (Security Protocols) Mechanisms Algorithms 58 Security Protocols (Services)
Standards-based Security Protocols
Proprietary Security Protocols
SSL
IPSec
PrivateWire
Big Brother
Mechanisms
Encryption
Signature
Hashing
Key Exchange
Algorithms
Symmetric
Asymmetric
Asymmetric
Symmetric
MD-5 SHA-1
Diffie-Hellman
DES AES
RSA ECC
DSA RSA
DESMAC
Services, Mechanisms, Algorithms 59 Encryption and Security Encryption is a key enabling technology to implement computer security. But Encryption is to security like bricks are to buildings. In the next module we will study encryption in detail. 60 Network Access Security Model Firewalls and Security Gateways are based on this model 61 Computer security is based on eight major elements: 1. Computer security should support the mission of the organization. 2. Computer security is an integral element of sound management. 3. Computer security should be cost-effective. 4. Computer security responsibilities and accountability should be made explicit. 5. System owners have computer security responsibilities outside their own organizations. 6. Computer security requires a comprehensive and integrated approach. 7. Computer security should be periodically reassessed. 8. Computer security is constrained by societal factors. 62 Usability and Security
Security Convenience / Usability 0 Determine where on this line your organization needs lie 63 Typical Security Solutions and Technologies Physical security Encryption Access control Automatic call back Node authentication Differentiated access rights Antivirus software Public Key Infrastructure Firewalls User authentication Passwords and passphrases Challenge-response systems Token or smart cards Exchange of secret protocol Personal characteristics - Biometrics