UNIT 5

ELEMENTS AND COMPOUNDS

J. Fidalgo
THE PERIODIC TABLE OF ELEMENTS
An element is a substance that cannot be separated
into simpler substances by chemical methods
Elements are the building blocks of nature, being
composed of only one kind of identical particles called
atoms, all with the same proton number.
The periodic table is the most important tool a
chemist possesses.
It is a way of ordering the chemical elements in such a
way that demonstrates the periodicity of the chemical
and physical properties.
HISTORY OF THE PERIODIC TABLE
Although elements such as gold (Au),
silver (Ag), tin (Sn), copper (Cu), lead (Pb)
and mercury (Hg) have been known since
antiquity, the first scientific discovery of an
element was the discovery of phosphorus
(P) in 1649 by the German alchemist
Hennig Brand.
HISTORY
Johann W. Dbereiner noticed that the atomic mass of
strontium (Sr) was halfway between the masses of
calcium (Ca) and barium (Ba) and all three possessed
similar chemical properties.
He then began to group elements with similar chemical
properties into sets of three or triads.
HISTORY
John Newlands classified the known 56 elements into 11 groups
based on similar physical properties. He noticed that many pairs
of similar elements existed with atomic masses that differed by a
multiple of eight, and hence he proposed the Law of Octaves
based on an analogy with the musical scale.
HISTORY
Mendeleev made up cards, each card had an element symbol, its
atomic mass and its properties. He arranged the cards in order of
ascending atomic mass, grouping elements of similar properties
together. When the pattern began to go wrong, he left a gap in his
table claiming that those gaps were for elements that had not yet
been discovered. He even changed the order around when similar
elements didnt line up.
HISTORY
But Mendeleev's table needed one important
modification before it became the modern periodic
table: the use of the atomic number (number of
protons) instead of the relative atomic mass to
order the elements. It was first proposed by the
British chemist Henry Moseley in 1913.
The last major changes to the periodic table
resulted from Glenn Seaborg's work in the middle
of the 20th Century. He reconfigured the periodic
table by placing two rows of ten elements, called
transition metals or rare earths, below the main
body of the table to make it more compact and
manageable.
THE PERIODIC TABLE OF ELEMENTS








https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0RRVV4Diomg
GROUPS AND PERIODS

METALS, NON METALS AND
METALLOIDS
METALS-NON METALS-METALLOIDS-
NOBLE GASES
NOBLE GASES
The six noble gases are helium (He), neon
(Ne), argon (Ar), krypton (Kr), xenon(Xe)
and radon (Rn). They are found in group 18
of the periodic table. The most striking thing
about this family is their lack of reactivity.
That is, they undergo chemical reaction with
very few substances.
These elements were considered to be
absolutely inert gases until 1962, when the
first compound of xenon and fluorine (xenon
tetrafluoride, XeF4 ) was made. Nowadays
more than 20 compounds containing noble
gases, most of them with xenon, are known.
All noble gases have the maximum
number of electrons possible in their
outer shell (2 for Helium, 8 for all others.
Since they are so chemically stable, it has
been concluded that a full outer shell
makes an atom stable.
NOBLE GASES
Noble gases are all colourless and monoatomic (their particles are
single atoms). But the six noble gases are not identical:
-The boiling points of the noble gases increase as we go down the
group. This is because the attraction between molecules gets stronger
as the molecules get larger.
-The density of the noble gases increases as we go down the group.
This is because the mass of the atoms increases.
METALS AND NON METALS
METALS
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
high melting point, so theyre solid at room temperature (with the
exception of mercury, Hg, a liquid).
shiny (when they are pure and clean).
good conductors of electricity and heat
ductile (they can be drawn out into thin wires)
malleable(they can be easily hammered into very thin sheets).

CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
Metals have few electrons in their outer shell, so they tend to lose
electrons easily to enhance their stability, forming positive ions (M+).
silver ion Ag+, magnesium ion Mg2+, aluminium ion Al3+
They react with oxygen to form certain substances called oxides.
Example:magnesium + oxygen magnesium oxide, MgO
Metals react with non-metals to form substances called binary salts.
Example: sodium + chlorine sodium chloride, NaCl
Metals react with acids, and hydrogen gas is given off.
Example :zinc + hydrochloric acidzinc chloride + hydrogen
NON METALS
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
Non-metals can be gases at room temperature (hydrogen, oxygen,
fluorine, chlorine and nitrogen), but others are liquids (bromine) or solids
with low melting points (iodine, sulphur, phosphorous, carbon, etc).
Nevertheless, carbon in the form of diamond has a very high melting
point.
brittle (they break without significant deformation)
Neither malleable nor ductile
Poor conductors of both heat and electricity (although carbon in the form
of graphite is a good conductor of electricity)
CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
They have their outer electronic shell incomplete, with a few empty
spaces for electrons. Hence, in chemical reactions they tend to gain
electrons to fill up their outer shell and enhance their stability.
Non-metals react with oxygen to form substances called non-metal
oxides. At room temperature these oxides are often gases.
Example: sulphur + oxygen sulphur trioxide, SO
3
Most non-metal oxides can be dissolved in water to form substance
called oxoacids.
Example:sulphur trioxide + water sulphuric acid, H
2
SO
4

SEMI-METALS
The elements that border the stair stepped
line in the periodic table are classified as
semi- metals or metalloids.
They have properties that are somewhat
of across between metals and non-metals.
They are economically important because
of their unique electric properties (they
conduct electricity only in certain
conditions),which make them valuable in
the electronic and computer industry .
Silicon (Si) is the most well-known semi-
metal. It behaves like a metal in some
ways, but like a non-metal in others. For
example, it is shiny like a metal, but brittle
like a non-metal.

CHEMICAL BONDING: WHY COMPOUNDS ARE
FORMED?

Only the noble gas atoms have full outer shells.
The atoms of all other elements have incomplete outer
shells. That is why they react.
By reacting with each other, atoms can obtain full
outer shells and so become stable.
When atoms react in order to form full shells of
electrons, they
lose or gain
share. These electrons are called valence electrons.
The valence of an element tells you the number of
electrons its atoms lose or gain or share.

CHEMICAL BONDING
A chemical bond is an attraction between atoms
brought about by a sharing of electrons between
to atoms or a complete transfer of electrons.
There are three types of chemical bonds:
Ionic, Covalent and Metallic.
In addition chemists often recognize another type of
bond called a hydrogen bond.

CHEMICAL BONDING:
A CHEMICAL PARTY
IONIC BONDING
Metal atoms need to lose electrons, and non-metal
atoms need to gain electrons, so metals combine
with non-metals to form an ionic bond.

Losing electrons
Gaining electrons
IONIC BONDING
When a sodium atom and a chlorine atom react together, the sodium
atom loses its electron to the chlorine atom, and two ions are formed.
As you know, opposite charges attract. Therefore, the Na
+
ions and
CI
-
ions are strongly attracted to each other.
This attraction sticks the ions together, and it is called an ionic bond,
or sometimes an electrovalent bond.

IONIC BONDING
The pattern grows until a giant structure of ions
is formed.
Millions of ions bond together to form crystals. It
contains equal numbers of sodium and chloride
ions.
This giant structure is the compound sodium
chloride or salt.
Because sodium chloride is made of ions, it is
called an ionic compound. It contains one Na
+

ion for each Cl
-
ion, so its formula is NaCl.
The charges in the structure add up to zero. The
compound therefore has no overall charge.

IONIC BONDING
Ionic bonding is the complete transfer
of valence electron(s) between atoms.
It is a type of chemical bond that
generates two oppositely charged
ions.
In ionic bonds, the metal loses
electrons to become a positively
charged ion (cation), whereas the non-
metal accepts those electrons to
become a negatively charged ion
(anion).
Ionic bonds require an electron donor,
metal, and an electron acceptor, non-
metal.

IONIC BONDING: PROPERTIES
Scientists found that the ions form giant structures
(lattices). And it explains the properties observed
They are made of crystals (which can be split along
certain angles).
They have high melting points
They are often soluble in water
They conduct electricity when molten or dissolved in
water, but not when solid.

IONIC BONDING
NAMING IONIC COMPOUNDS
The metals form cations (positive ions), which have
the same name as the atoms. The non-metals form
anions (negative ions) and their names end in ide.
To name an ionic compound, you just put the names of
the ions together, with the positive one first.
The formulae of ionic compounds can be worked out
by the following steps:
Write down the name of the ionic compound.
Write down the symbol for its ions.
The compound must have no overall charge, so
balance the ions, until the positive and negative
charges add up to zero.
Write down the formula without the charges.

Ions in compounds Name of compound
Formulae
K
+
and F
-
Potassium fluoride KF
Ca
2+
and Br
-
Calcium bromide CaBr
2

K
+
and H
-
Potassium hydride K

H
Li
+
and O
2-
Lithium oxide Li
2
O
NAMING IONIC COMPOUNDS
Transition metal ions: Some transition metals form only one type of ion
(Ag
+
; Zn
2+
), but most of them can form more than one type.
Ions Name Example of compound
Cu
+
copper (I) ion Copper (I) oxide, Cu
2
O
Cu
2+
copper (II) ion Copper (II) oxide, Cu O
Fe
2+
iron (II) ion Iron (II) chloride, FeCl
2

Fe
3+
iron (III) ion Iron (III) chloride, FeCl
3


(The roman numbers, I, II or III in a name show that the ion has a charge of 1+, 2+ or 3+.)
NAMING IONIC COMPOUNDS
COMPOUND IONS
So far, all the ions have been formed from single atoms. But
ions can also be formed from groups of joined atoms. These
are called compound ions or polyatomic ions.

TYPES OF CHEMICAL BONDING