By Ir.

Djoko Wintolo, DEA

Department of Geological Engineering
Faculty of Engineering
Gadjah Mada University
Lecture slides for Exploration Geophysics
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LOGGING
An activity to record the rock characteristics
as a function of the depth.
Recording during drilling activities while there are a mud
and water materials is called as MUD LOGGING
(lithological logging).
The recorded data: Rocks type, Hardness/ compaction,
Fluid content.
Recording after drilling activities by using a wire line tool
(instrument) named as WIRELINE LOGGING.
The recorded data: Rock Resistivity, Rock density. Mud
cake thickness, Radioactivity of rocks, Acoustic
properties, Formation temperatur, etc.

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WIRELINE LOGGING
OPENHOLE LOGGING
Logging in a well before completing phase (before
casing/ pipe construction).
All of logging instruments can be worked.
CASEDHOLE LOGGING
Logging after well completing (casing construction) :
Only for special instruments:
- Gammaray-log
- Caliper-log
- NMR
- CBL

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Data Analysis from Wireline Log
Objective / goal:
Made an quantitative and qualitative
interpretations from logging data for
identify the productive / prospective
layers.
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QUALITATIVE INTERPRETATION
It is based on deflection pattern in the logging
recorded paper which the curves are influenced
by lithology and formation fluid content.

To justified the lithology or rock layer formation.
To detect the porous / permeable layers and estimate
the rocks fluid content .
- Estimate the oil, gas and water layer / formation.
- Estimate the position of GOC / WOC
As a base data for qualitative interpretations.
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QUANTITATIVE INTERPRETATION
By using the equations or charts to
calculate the reservoir parameters from
log data (Rw, Rt, b, f, m , dll)
Porosity ()
Water Saturation (Sw)
Saturation of Hydrocarbon remains (Shr)
Saturation of Hydrocarbon mobile (Shm)
Initial hydrocarbon reserve in volumetric form
Original/ Initial Oil In Place (OOIP/IOIP)
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Types of LOG
1. LITHOLOGIC LOG
2. RESISTIVITY LOG
3. POROSITY LOG
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LITHOLOGIC LOG
Type of Log (instrument) which used to
measure the lithology that are drilled in
well operation.
- SP - log
- Gamma Ray - log
- Caliper - log
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RESISTIVITY LOG
Type of log (instrument) which used to measure
the resistivity value of rock.
- Log SP
- Log Normal
- Microlog
- Microlaterolog
- Laterolog
- Induction Log
- MSF
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POROSITY LOG
Type of log (instrument) that measure or
detect the porosity of rocks.
- Density - log
- Neutron - log
- Sonic - log
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The Lithologic description (mud-loggig) by a wellsite geologist as a
part of drilling report
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Some type of wireline logging ( records)
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Image
scanner
logging
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UGIS-11 housing, made by Rusia
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Logging for
groundwater
study
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Geochemical logging
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Process of Interpretation

Identify potential reservoir intervals; distinguish
non-permeable, non-reservoir intervals from porous
potential intervals.
Estimate thickness of the potential reservoirs.
Determine lithology (rock type) of the potential
reservoirs.
Calculate porosity ().
Determine resistivity of formation water (Rw).
Calculate water saturations (Sw, Sxo) using
resistivity (Rt, Rxo).
Estimate in-place and movable hydrocarbons.

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Resistivity logs do not always measure resistivity
directly. Some resistivity logs (actually induction logs)
measures conductivity instead which is the
reciprocal of resistivity.
1 x 1000
resistivity (ohms /m) = ------------ (millimhos/m)
conductivity

Induction logs are used in wells drilled with a
relatively fresh-water mud (low salinity) to obtain
more accurate value of true resistivity.
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Spontaneous Potential (SP log)

The SP log is a measurement of the natural potential
difference or self potential between an electrode in the
borehole and a reference electrode at the surface
(problem with offshore wells, no ground). No artificial
currents are applied.

Three factors are necessary to produce an SP current:
1. a conductive fluid in the borehole,
2. a porous and permeable bed surrounded by an
impermeable formation, and
3. a difference in salinity (or pressure) between the
borehole fluid and the formation fluid.
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Nuclear logs
3 Principles:

1. Detection of radiation resulting from natural
radioactivity
2. Measure absorption of -radiation emitted by
controlled source
3. Measure penetration of -radiation emitted by
controlled neutron source

Only -r adiation and neutrons have appreciable
penetrating power

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Thermal logging
1. To determine heat flow (geothermal)
2. To locate thermal anomalies caused
by fluid flow
3. Abnormal radioactivity
4. Oxidation regions
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Well-logging in coal exploration
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Thanks You
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Referensi
1. Asquith, George B, Log Evaluation of Shaly Sandstone: A
Practical Guide, The American Association of Petroleum
Geologists, Tulsa Oklahoma.
2. Desbrandes, R, Encyclopedia of Well Logging, Gulf Publishing
Company Book Division, Houston, Texas, 1985.
3. Dewan, John T, Essential of Modern Open-Hole Log
Interpretation, Penn Well Publishing Company, Tulsa Oklahoma,
1983.
4. Harsono Adi, Evaluasi Formasi dan Aplikasi Log.
5. Helander, Donald P, Fundamental of Formation Evaluation,
OGCI Publications, Oil and Gas Consultants International Inc, Tulsa,
1983.
6. Pirson, Sylvain J, Well Log Analysis for Oil and Gas Formation
Evaluation, Prentice Hall, Inc Englewood Cliffs, New Jork, 1963.
7. Wyllie M.R.J, The Fundamental of Well Log Interpretation, 3th
Edition Academic Press, Inc 1963.
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