CE154 1 Fall 2009 1

Introduction & Flood

Hydrologic Analysis
CE154 - Hydraulic Design
Lectures 1-2
CE154 2 Fall 2009 2
Green Sheet
Course Objective - Introduce design
concept and procedure for a few basic
types of hydraulic structures that an
engineer may encounter
Hydraulic structures:
- Water supply and distribution systems
including spillways, reservoirs, pipeline
systems
- Flood protection systems including
culverts, storm drains, & natural rivers

CE154 3 Fall 2009 3
Green Sheet
Lecture Schedule
Homework assignments
Exams
Grading
Office hour
Communication email address, web site
Emergency evacuation route
Grader selection
CE154 4
Introduction
Hydraulic Design Design of Hydraulic
Structures
Elements of Design (class discussion)
- design objective
- design criteria
- design data and assumptions
- design procedure
- design calculations
- design drawings
- design report
Fall 2009 4
CE154 5
Hydraulic Design example
Design a channel that can safely carry the
storm runoff generated from a 1% flood
from a residential development that is 20
square miles in drainage area.
Design objective:
Design criteria:
Design data and assumptions:
Design procedure:
Fall 2009 5
CE154 6 Fall 2009 6
Flood Hydrology
Design flood Discharge (design flow)
- peak flow rate governing the design of
relevant hydraulic structures

Design flood Hydrograph
- time-flow history of a design flood
Sample Flood Hydrograph
Fall 2009 CE154 7
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Hydrology
Rainfall Runoff Process
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Hydrologic Parameters
Precipitation intensity & duration for design
Infiltration rate (watershed soil type and
moisture condition)
Watershed surface cover overland roughness
Watershed drainage network geometry
Watershed slope
Time of concentration

CE154 10 Fall 2009 10
Rainfall Runoff Process
Gauged Watershed
-flood frequency analysis to determine
peak design flow rate
-Gauge data to calibrate unit hydrograph
and generate design flood hydrograph

Ungauged Watershed
-Hydrologic Modeling (HEC-HMS or HEC-1)
-Regional regression analysis
-Synthetic unit hydrograph
CE154 11 Fall 2009 11
Flood Hydrology Studies
determine design rainfall duration and
intensity
- design rainfall ranges from probable
maximum precipitation (PMP) on the high
end to 100-year or 10-year return period
rainfall event
develop design runoff hydrograph
includes peak flow rate and runoff volume
to size reservoir and design spillway and
other pertinent structures
CE154 12 Fall 2009 12
Our Topics
Determine probable maximum precipitation
(PMP)
-Theoretically the greatest depth of
precipitation for a given duration that is
physically possible over a given storm area
at a particular geographical location at a
certain time of the year (HMR55A)
Bureau of Reclamations S-graph &
dimensionless unit hydrograph methods of
developing synthetic unit hydrograph
Clark unit hydrograph method
CE154 13 Fall 2009 13
PMP
National Weather Service
Hydrometeorological Reports (HMR)
provide maximum 6, 12, 24, 48 and 72 hour
PMPs for areas of 10, 200, 1000, 5000 and
10,000 mi
2
.
HMR 58 Probable Maximum
Precipitation for California Calculation
Procedures, NOAA, Oct. 1998 (supersedes
HMR36, Note errata for pp. 22 & 27)
http://www.weather.gov/oh/hdsc/studies/
pmp.html#HR58
CE154 14 Fall 2009 14
Rainfall Losses
Surface retention, evaporation and storage
(usually small compared to infiltration)
Infiltration
- Ranges 0.05 0.5 in/hr approximately
- L = L
min
+ (L
o
L
min
)e
-kt
L = resulting infiltration rate
L
min
= minimum rate when saturated
L
o
= maximum or initial infiltration rate
Rainfall losses = Rainfall Excess
CE154 15 Fall 2009 15
PMP Computation Example
Read pp. 43-48 of HMR 58
973 mi
2
Auburn drainage above Folsom
Lake
Step 1
Outline drainage boundary and overlay the
10-mi
2
, 24-hour PMP map from Plate 2,
HMR 58
Step 2
Determine to use all-season or seasonal
PMP for design

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Plate 2 California Northern General
Storm PMP Index Map (in inches)
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PMP Computation Example

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PMP Computation Example
Step 3
Calculate average PMP value (for 10 mi
2
and
24-hr) over drainage area = 24.6 inches
(using a planimeter or griddled paper
overlay)
Step 4
Depth-Duration Relationship
- Auburn drainage is within the Sierra
region. Use Table 2.1 to obtain ratios for
durations from 1 to 72 hours

CE154 19 Fall 2009 19
PMP Computation Example
CE154 20 Fall 2009 20
PMP Computation Example
Step 4 Ratios for Auburn Drainage (Table 2.1
HMR58)
Duration
(hours)

1 6 12 24 48 72
Ratios .14 .42 .65 1.00 1.56 1.76
CE154 21 Fall 2009 21
PMP Computation Example
Multiply the average value for 10-mi
2
, 24-hour
PMP of 24.6 inches by these ratios

Step 5 Auburn drainage 10-mi2 PMP
Duration
(hr)
1 6 12 24 48 72
PMP (in) 3.4 10.3 16.0 24.6 38.4 43.3
CE154 22 Fall 2009 22
PMP Computation Example
Step 6
Determine aerial reduction factors
using the Auburn drainage area of
973 mi
2
& Fig. 2.15


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PMP Computation Example
Fig 2.15, HMR 58
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PMP Computation Example
Step 6 Area Reduction Factors
Duration
(hr)
1 6 12 24 48 72
Factors .64 .67 .70 .72 .77 .80
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PMP Computation Example
Step 7
Apply aerial reduction by multiplying PMPs from
Step 5 by factors from Step 6

Step 7 Auburn Drainage average PMP Depths
Duration
(hr)
1 6 12 24 48 72
PMP (in) 2.2 6.9 11.2 17.7 29.6 34.6
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PMP Computation Example
Step 8
Plot the depth-duration data on Fig. 2.19

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PMP Computation Example
Extract cumulative depths from Fig. 2.19

Step
8
6-hr Cumulative Rainfall Depths
Hr. 6 12 18 24 30 36 42 48 54 60 66 72
PMP
(in)
6.9 11.2 14.6 17.7 20.8 23.8 26.7 29.6 31.6 32.7 33.7 34.6
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PMP Computation Example
Compute incremental depths

Step
9
6-hr Incremental Rainfall Depths
Hr.
6 12 18 24 30 36 42 48 54 60 66 72
PMP
(in)
6.9 4.3 3.4 3.1 3.1 3.0 2.9 2.9 2.0 1.1 1.0 0.9
CE154 29 Fall 2009 29
PMP Computation Example
Adjust temporal-distribution of these incremental
rainfall based on historical data or by experiments.
Keep the 4 highest increments in a series. A PMP
isohyetal distribution may be
6 hr incremental rainfall depths
Hr 6 12 18 24 30 36 42 48 54 60 66 72
PMP1
6.9 4.3 3.4 3.1 3.1 3.0 2.9 2.9 2.0 1.1 1.0 0.9
PMP2
3.1 3.0 2.9 2.9 3.1 4.3 6.9 3.4 1.1 0.9 2.0 1.0
CE154 30 Fall 2009 30
PMP Computation - summary
Need Hydrometeorological Report HMR 58
for northern California
Define general storms up to 72 hours in
duration and 10,000 mi2 in area and local
storms up to 6 hours and 500 mi2
Start with a total PMP depth for a general
area and end with intensity-time
distribution of rain for a specific
watershed this is the design rainfall
CE154 31 Fall 2009 31
How to turn PMP (design rainfall)
into PMF (design runoff)?
Unit hydrograph
a rainfall-runoff relationship characteristic of
the watershed
- developed in 1930s, easy to use, less data
requirements, less costly
- many methods, most often seen include Soil
Conservation Service (SCS) method, Snyder,
Clark, and Bureau of Reclamation dimensionless
unit hydrograph and S-curve methods
hydrologic modeling used widely since PC became
popular, requiring data of topo contours, surface
cover, infiltration ch., etc., HEC-HMS (HEC-1)
CE154 32 Fall 2009 32
Unit Hydrograph
Basic unit hydrograph theory
A storm of a constant intensity over a
duration (e.g, 1 hour), and of uniform
distribution, produces 1 inch of excess
that runs off the surface. The hydrograph
that is recorded at the outlet of the
watershed is a 1-hr unit hydrograph
Define several parameters to characterize
the watershed response: e.g., lag time or
time of concentration, time-discharge
relationship, channel storage attenuation
synthetic unit hydrograph
CE154 33 Fall 2009 33
Unit Hydrograph Assumptions
Rainfall excess and losses may be lumped
as basin-average values (lumped)
Ordinates of runoff is linearly proportional
to rainfall excess values (linearity)
Rainfall-runoff relationship does not
change with time (time invariance)
CE154 34 Fall 2009 34
Hydrograph Development
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Unit Hydrograph Approaches
Conceptual models of runoff single-linear
reservoir (S=kO), Nash (multiple linear
reservoirs), Clark (consider effect of basin
shape on travel time)
Empirical models Snyder, Soil
Conservation Service dimensionless method
Different methods use different
parameters to define the unit hydrograph


CE154 36 Fall 2009 36
Unit Hydrograph Parameters
Time lag time between center of mass of rainfall
and center of mass of runoff, original definition
by Horner & Flynt [1934], (SCS, Snyder).
Different formulae were developed based on
different watershed data (e.g., SCS & BuReC)
Time of concentration - time between end of
rainfall excess and inflection point of receding
runoff (Clark)
Time to peak beginning of rise to peak (SCS)
Storage coefficient R (Clark)
Temporal distribution of runoff (BuReC, SCS)
CE154 37 Fall 2009 37
Unit Hydrograph & parameters

Q
time
Lag time
Rainfall excess = precipipation - loss
Rising limb
Receding limb
Point of inflection
Peak Time
Time of concentration

CE154 38 Fall 2009 38
Synthetic Unit Hydrograph
Uses Lag Time and a temporal distribution
(dimensionless or S-graph) to develop the
unit hydrograph
CE154 39 Fall 2009 39
Lag Time
Unit Hydrograph Lag Time (T
lag
or L
g
) per Bureau of
Reclamation

N
ca
g
S
L
L
L
C ) (
5 . 0

CE154 40 Fall 2009 40

Lag Time
L
g
= unit hydrograph lag time in hours
L = length of the longest watercourse from
the point of concentration to the drainage
boundary, in miles
Lca
L
Point of concentration
CE154 41 Fall 2009 41
Lag Time
L
ca
= length along the longest watercourse
from the point of concentration to a point
opposite the centroid of the drainage
basin, in miles
S = average slope of the longest
watercourse, in feet per mile
C, N = constant
CE154 42 Fall 2009 42
Lag Time
Based on empirical data, regardless of
basin location
N = 0.33
C = 26K
n
where K
n
is the average Mannings
roughness coefficient for the drainage
network
Note: other methods such as Snyder and
SCS define lag time slightly differently
CE154 43 Fall 2009 43
Lag Time
To allow estimate of lag time, the Bureau
of Reclamation reconstituted 162 flood
hydrographs from numerous natural basins
west of Mississippi River to provide charts
for lag time for 6 different regions of the
US
Use Table 3-5 & Fig. 3-7 of DSD for lag
time estimate for SF Bay Area
CE154 44 Fall 2009 44
Lag Time
CE154 45 Fall 2009 45
Lag Time
Example, Table 3-5 on p.42, DSD
- San Francisquito Creek near Stanford
University, drainage area 38.3 mi
2
, lag time
4.8 hours, K
n
0.110

- Matadero Creek at Palo Alto, drainage
area 7.2 mi
2
, lag time 3.7 hours, K
n
0.119
CE154 46 Fall 2009 46
UH Temporal Distribution
Time vs. Discharge relationship
Bureau of Reclamation uses 2 methods to
develop temporal distribution based on
recorded hydrographs divided into 6
regions across the US:
- dimensionless unit hydrograph method, &
- S-graph technique
Tables 3-15 and 3-16 (Design of Small
Dams) for the SF Bay Area
CE154 47 Fall 2009 47
Temporal Dist. Table 3-16
CE154 48 Fall 2009 48
Temp. Dist. - S-graph Method
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S-graph method - Example
Read pp. 37-52 of Design of Small Dams
drainage area = 250 mi
2
lag time = 12 hours
unit duration = 12/5 2 hours (SCS
recommendation)
Ultimate discharge = drainage area in mi
2

times 5280
2
/3600/12 and divided by unit
duration, in this case = 80662.5 cfs
CE154 50 Fall 2009 50
S-graph method - example
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Bureaus Method - summary
Estimate lag time and time-flow
distribution
Based on recorded hydrographs
Regionalized approach does not consider
specific local condition
Works better for larger watersheds, such
as for dam construction
For smaller watersheds, or smaller design
flood events, consider another method,
such as the Clark unit hydrograph method

CE154 52 Fall 2009 52
Clark Unit Hydrograph Method
Reading Materials:
- Chapter 7 of Flood-Runoff Analysis, EM
1110-2-1417, Corps of Engineers, Aug. 94
http://www.usace.army.mil/publications/en
g-manuals/em1110-2-1417/toc.htm
- if you have more time, read - Unit
Hydrograph Technical Manual, National
Weather Service,
www.nohrsc.noaa.gov/technology/gis/uhg_
manual.html
CE154 53 Fall 2009 53
Clark Unit Hydrograph Method
Uses the concept of instantaneous unit
hydrograph (IUH) hydrograph resulted from 1
unit of rainfall excess occurring over the basin in
zero time
Uses IUH to compute a unit hydrograph for any
unit duration equal to or greater than the time
interval used in computation
Uses 2 parameters and a time-area relationship to
define IUH
CE154 54 Fall 2009 54
Clark Unit Hydrograph Method
Need 2 parameters: time of concentration
(T
c
) and storage coefficient (R)
T
c
= travel time from the most upstream
point in the basin to the outflow location
or T
c
= time from the end of rainfall to the
inflection point on the recession limb
R = Q/(dQ/dt) at point of inflection
estimate from recorded flood hydrographs
Example reconstitute a flood hydrograph
for Thomas Creek at Paskenta, CA for
Jan/1963
CE154 55 Fall 2009 55
Clark Unit Hydrograph
Step 1 Delineate watershed boundary
CE154 56 Fall 2009 56
Clark Unit Hydrograph
Step 2 Identify major watercourses
CE154 57 Fall 2009 57
Clark Unit Hydrograph
Step 3 Estimate time of concentration by
estimating overland and river travel times
through the watershed. Identify
watershed slopes, surface cover types and
river channel geometries, and use
simplified relationships to estimate travel
time.
CE154 58 Fall 2009 58
Time of Concentration
Watershed flow characteristics:

sheet flow approximately 0.1 ft deep,
less than 300 ft in length

shallow concentrated flow

channel flow
CE154 59 Fall 2009 59
Sheet Flow Roughness Coef. [Engman
1986]
CE154 60 Fall 2009 60
Sheet Flow travel time
Sheet flow travel time (T
t
)
T
t
= travel time in hr
n = Mannings roughness coefficient
L = flow length in ft
P
2
= 2-yr, 24-hr rainfall in inches
S = slope in ft/ft

S P
T
nL
t
4 . 0 5 . 0
2
8 . 0
) ( 007 . 0

CE154 61 Fall 2009 61

Sheet Flow travel time
NOAA Atlas precipitation distribution
maps
Northern California 2-yr, 24-hour rainfall
http://hydrology.nws.noaa.gov/oh/hdsc/On
-
line_reports/Volume%20XI%20California/
1973/North%2024%20hr%20precipitation
%20charts.djvu
For San Jose area, 2.2 inches

CE154 62 Fall 2009 62
Shallow Concentrated Flow velocities
CE154 63 Fall 2009 63
Time of Concentration (Step 3)
Channel flow use Mannings equation
travel time = channel length/velocity
Time of concentration = summation of
travel times from sheet flow, shallow
concentrated flow and channel flow
Do this for the entire watershed
separated into subareas based on slope and
surface cover
Sum up the travel time through the
watershed and divide into equal-travel-time
subareas (isochrones)

CE154 64 Fall 2009 64
Clark Method (Step 3) - isochrones
CE154 65 Fall 2009 65
Clark UH Procedure (Step 4)
Draw isochrones to subdivide the basin into
chosen number of parts, e.g., if T
c
=8 hr.,
choose 8 subdivisions with t=1 hr.
Measure the area (a
i
) between each pair of
isochrones and tabulate.
a
i
= ordinate in units of area (mi
2
or km
2
)
Plot (% of T
c
) versus (cumulative area).
Tabulate increments at 1 t apart
CE154 66 Fall 2009 66
Clark UH Example
Map Area
#
Planimeter
Value
Accum.
Value
Accum.
Area
(km2)
Travel
time in
%Tc
1 0.08 0.08 12 12.5
2 0.15 0.23 35 25.0
3 0.40 0.63 96 37.5
4 0.36 0.99 151 50.0
5 0.45 1.44 220 62.5
6 0.45 1.89 288 75.0
7 0.66 2.55 389 87.5
8 0.68 3.23 493 100.0
CE154 67 Fall 2009 67
CE154 68 Fall 2009 68
Clark UH Procedure
Approach

Time-Cumulative Area curve
Translation hydrograph
Linear reservoir routing
Instantaneous Unit Hydrograph
Unit Hydrograph of a duration
CE154 69 Fall 2009 69
Clark UH Procedure
CE154 70 Fall 2009 70
Clark UH Procedure
Convert areas into flows (area x unit
rainfall / unit time) of a translation
hydrograph
I
i
= Ka
i
/t

where
I
i
= ordinate of translation hydrograph in
unit of discharge (cfs or cms) at end of
period i,
K = conversion factor (645 to convert in-
mi2 to cfs or 0.278 to convert mm-km2 to
cms) 0.278 = 1000x1000/1000/3600

CE154 71 Fall 2009 71
Clark UH Example
(1)
Time
(hr)
(2)
Rain over a
i
(mm-km
2
)
(3)
Inflow I
i
Of
translation
hydrograph
(cms)
(4)
IUH O
i
(cms)
(5)
2-hr UH
Q
i
(cms)
0 0 0
2 35 5
4 116 16
CE154 72 Fall 2009 72
Storage Coefficient R (Step 5)
For linear reservoir S=RO
Estimate from recorded hydrograph:
The inflection point of a recession limb, by
definition, is when inflow ceases, because
time of concentration is from end of
rainfall to the inflection point, and is when
the last rain reaches the end of the
watershed.
dS/dt = I-O = -O continuity equation
dS/dt = R dO/dt for linear reservoir
R = -O/(dO/dt) at the inflection point
CE154 73 Fall 2009 73
CE154 74 Fall 2009 74
Storage Coefficient R
R is used to define a dimensionless routing
constant C:


C =

with R=5.5 hours and t = 2 hours,

C = 0.308
t R
t

2
2
CE154 75 Fall 2009 75
Clark UH Procedure (Step 6)
Route the inflows (Col. 3) to the outflow
location (Col. 4)
O
i
= CI
i
+ (1-C)O
i-1

O
i
= outflow from the basin at the end of
period i
I
i
= inflow from each area at the end of
period i



CE154 76 Fall 2009 76
Clark UH Example
(1)
Time
(hr)
(2)
Inflow a
i
(mm-km
2
)
(3)
Inflow I
i
(cms)
(4)
IUH O
i
(cms)
(5)
2-hr UH
Q
i
(cms)
0 0 0 0
2 35 5 1.55
4 116 16 5.97
CE154 77 Fall 2009 77
Clark UH Example

6 137 19 10.01
8 205 29 15.69
10 0 0 10.85
12 7.50
14 5.19
CE154 78 Fall 2009 78
Clark UH Procedure
Average the ordinates of the IUH to create the
unit hydrograph (Col. 5)
Q
i
= 0.5 (O
i
+ O
i-1
)
The duration of the UH may be different from t
(provided that it is an exact multiple of t), and
the UH follows this formula
Q
i
= 1/n (0.5O
i-n
+ O
i-n+1
+ + O
i-1
+ 0.5O
i
)
where
CE154 79 Fall 2009 79
Clark UH Procedure
Q
i
= ordinate at time i of unit hydrograph
of duration D and tabulation interval t
n = D/ t
D = unit hydrograph duration
t = tabulation interval
CE154 80 Fall 2009 80
Clark UH Example
(1)
Time
(hr)
(2)
Inflow a
i
(mm-km
2
)
(3)
Inflow I
i
(cms)
(4)
IUH O
i
(cms)
(5)
2-hr UH
Q
i
(cms)
0 0 0 0 0
2 35 5 1.55 0.78
4 116 16 5.97 3.76
CE154 81 Fall 2009 81
Clark UH Example

6 137 19 10.01 7.99
8 205 29 15.69 12.85
10 0 0 10.85 13.27
12 7.50 9.17
14 5.19 6.35
CE154 82 Fall 2009 82
Clark UH Example
Continue the UH calculation to Hour 46
when the discharge diminishes to 0
For each 2-hour interval of the Jan/Feb
1963 storm, compute rainfall excess,
multiply by the UH ordinates and lag the
time of occurrence to obtain the flood
hydrograph
Compare with the measured hydrograph
CE154 83 Fall 2009 83
CE154 84 Fall 2009 84
The END