This is a unique number created by

Gordon Foster in 1961. The 10 digit

format was developed by ISO
(International Organization for
Standardization).
An ISBN is assigned to each edition
of a book.
10 digit is assigned before Jan 1,
2007 and 13 digits is assigned after
that.

Setiap ISBN mengandungi 13 angka dan didahului dengan perkataan ISBN dalam
huruf tebal. ISBN 13 angka ini dibahagikan kepada lima (5) bahagian, tiap-tiap
bahagian dipisahkan oleh satu jarak atau tanda sempang.

Bahagian-bahagian tersebut adalah:







Bahagian I. Kod Industri Buku
Bahagian ini mewakili kod industri pebukuan yang digunakan pada peringkat
antarabangsa.

Bahagian II. Identiti Kumpulan
Bahagian ini memberi identiti mengikut negara, kawasan geografi atau kumpulan
penerbit.


Bahagian III. Identiti Penerbit
Bahagian ini memberi identiti kepada satu penerbit dalam sesebuah negara
atau kumpulan.

Bahagian IV. Identiti Judul
Bahagian ini memberi identiti kepada sesuatu judul atau edisi buku tertentu
yang diterbitkan oleh sesuatu penerbit.

Bahagian V. Angka Kawalan
Angka Kawalan merupakan satu angka tunggal atau huruf X di hujung
sepuluh angka ISBN. Angka ini mengawal secara automatik ketepatan
nombor ISBN oleh sistem ISBN.
10 DIGIT ISBN
There are always ten characters in total in the 10-digit ISBN.
With the exception of the last character (the check digit) all
characters are numeric between zero and nine.

The sections are:

group identifier
publisher identifier
title identifier
check digit




The check digit is calculated by taking the nine digits comprised of
the group identifier, publisher identifier and the title identifier using
Luhn algorithms.

The first, leftmost, digit of the nine is multiplied by ten, then
working from left to right, each successive digit is multiplied by one
less than the one before.

So the second digit is multiplied by nine, the third by eight, and so
on to the ninth which is multiplied by two.

Each of the nine products calculated is added together. The
resulting number has the number 11 taken from it as many times as
may be wholly done.(mod 11)

The check digit is eleven minus the remainder from this casting out
of elevens.

An example will show this. The calculation is performed on the first
example book, where the first three identifiers gives the digits
019852663.

It is possible to validate a complete ISBN, one that includes its check
digit, by a similar procedure to calculating the check digit.

Simply perform the same calculation, adding the check digit to the
calculated product with a weighting of one.

If the check digit should be the letter X, then it takes the value of 10.
When the division by eleven is performed, the remainder will be zero
for a valid ISBN.
1. Take the first 12 digits of the 13-digit ISBN.
2. Multiply each number in turn, from left to right by a number. The first
digit is multiplied by 1, the second by 3, the third by 1 gain, the fourth
by 3 again, and so on to the eleventh which is multiplied by 1 and the
twelfth by 3.
3. Add all of the 12 answers.
4. Do a modulo 10 division on the result from step 2. (Don't know what a
modulo 10 division is? It's easy. It's just the remainder from a whole
number division by 10)
5. Take that remainder result from step 4.If it's a zero, then the check
digit is zero. If the remainders isn't zero then subtract the remainder
from 10. The answer to that is your check digit.
It is possible to validate a complete 13-digit ISBN, one that includes its check
digit, by a similar procedure to calculating the check digit. Simply perform the
same calculation, adding the check digit to the calculated product with a
weighting of one. When the division by ten is performed, the remainder will be
zero for a valid ISBN.