Aqidah and

Contemporary Issues
Assoc. Prof Dr. Shukri Ahmad
Center for General Studies
Content Outline
Definition
History of the emergence of aqidah
Aqidah schools of thought
Ideologies in modern period
Aqidah and its relation with Islamic
Education
Aqidah and its internal challenges in
Malaysia
Aqidah and its external challenges in
Malaysia
Definition
Definition
knowledge
Aqidah
Education
Definition
O Islamic theology (Arabic: , Aqdah, plural
Arabic: , aqid) is a branch of Islamic
studies describing the beliefs of the Islamic
faith.
O Any religious belief system, or creed, can be
considered an example of aqdah. However,
this term has taken a significant technical
usage in Islamic history and theology.
O Literally, the word aqdah is derived from the
triconsonantal root qd (aqada), which means
"to tie" or "knot".
O Muslims enumerate their creed to include the
Six articles of belief (called arkn al-mn).
There is a consensus on the elements of this
creed across all spectrums as they are clearly
articulated in the Qurn.
O While some Muslim groups may hold different
beliefs regarding the attributes of God or the
purpose of angels, there are no disputes
concerning the existence of God, that he has
sent his revelation via messengers, and that
man will be held to account and rewarded or
punished in the afterlife.
Six articles of belief (called arkn al-
mn
Belief in God (Allh), the one
and only one worthy of all
worship (tawhid).
Belief in the Angels
(malika).
Belief in the Books (kutub)
sent by Allah[1] (including the
Qurn, Gospel and
Torah/Tanakh).
Belief in all the Messengers
(rusul) sent by Allah (including
Muammad, Jesus, Moses,
Abraham, Noah, and Adam)
Belief in the Day of
Judgment (yawm al-
qiymah) and in the
Resurrection (life after
death).
Belief in Destiny (Fate)
(qadar).
Terms used in Akidah
Akidah
Tauhid
Iman
The advantages of Aqidah
Clear
Aqidah
Nature
Aqidah
Constant
Aqidah
Aqidah
based on
reasonable
evidence
Middle
Aqidah
The Essential Element of
Aqidah
Knowing Allah
as a creator
(marifah
Allah)
Oneness of
Allah
(Tauhidul
Allah)
Sanctify of
Allah
(tanzih
Allah)
The sources of Aqidah
Al-Quran
Al-
Sunnah
Intellect
or aqal
The Contents of Muslim
Theology
Theodicy (ilahiyyah)
Eschatology
(samiyyat)
Anthropology
(afal al-Ibad)
apophatic
theology
(sifatul Allah)
comparative
religion.
Education?
people
Knowledge
Habits
skill
Teaching
and learning
process
Definition of Education
O Education in its general sense is a form of learning
in which the knowledge, skills, and habits of a group
of people are transferred from one generation to the
next through teaching, training, or research.
O Education frequently takes place under the
guidance of others, but may also be autodidacts.
O Any experience that has a formative effect on the
way one thinks, feels, or acts may be considered
educational.
O Education is commonly divided into stages such as
preschool, primary school, secondary school and
then college, university or apprenticeship.
Education
O Etymologically, the word "education" is
derived from the Latin ducti ("A
breeding, a bringing up, a rearing") from
dc ("I educate, I train") which is related
to the homonym dc ("I laid forth, I take
out; I raise up, I erect") from - ("from, out
of") and dc ("I lead, I conduct"). [3]
The concept of knowledge
Knowledge is
a familiarity
with
someone or
something,
which can
include
facts,
information, descriptions,
or skills
acquired
through
experience
or education.
O It can refer to the theoretical or practical
understanding of a subject.
O It can be implicit (as with practical skill or
expertise) or explicitly (as with the theoretical
understanding of a subject); it can be more or
less formal or systematic.
O In philosophy, the study of knowledge is called
epistemology; the philosopher Plato famously
defined knowledge as "justified true belief."
However, no single agreed upon definition of
knowledge exists, though there are numerous
theories to explain it
Knowledge in Islam
O Knowledge (Arabic: , ilm) is given great
significance. "The Knowing" (al-Alm) is one of the
99 names reflecting distinct attributes of God.
O The Qur'an asserts that knowledge comes from
God (2:239) and the various hadith encourage the
acquisition of knowledge.
O The prophet Muhammad is reported to have said
"Seek knowledge from the cradle to the grave" and
"Verily the men of knowledge are the inheritors of
the prophets". Islamic scholars, theologians and
jurists are often given the title alim, meaning
"knowledgable".
Relationship between aqidah
and education
akidah education
Tawheed?
Believe about There is
only one Supreme Lord
of universe, He is
Omnipotent,
Omnipresent and the
Sustainer of the world
and of mankind.
Basic Characteristics of Islamic
Ideology in the period of Prophet
Simplicity,
Rationalism
and
Practicalism
Unity of
Matter and
Spirit
A Complete
Way of Life
Balance
between
Individual and
Society
Universality
and Humanism
Permanence
And Change
Complete
Record of
Teaching and
Preserved
Disputations among Sahabah after the
death of Rasulullah
Disputes among the followers of Ali r.a
Disputes which took place among muslims after
the death of Othman ibn Affan r.a
The successor of the Prophet s.a.w
Place to bury the body of Prophet s.a.w

The Emergence of Shiites and Khawarij
groups: The Theory of Salvation

Shiites
(Charismatic
leader)
Khawarij
Community
possessing
certain
Charismata.
The Theory of Salvation

O Shiites
O (Charismatic leader) Leader who, endowed with more
than human qualities which is to be a gift of God
O Khawarij
O Community is possessing certain Charismata.
O A man can attain salvation by being a member of this
community. The Islamic community is the people of
paradise. Those who broke the ruled should be
excluded from it and should be killed
O Claims that Ali, Othman, Muawiyyah had sinned and
they had forfeited the privileges that went with
members of the community.
O A duty of Muslim to kill them.



Topics for discussion
O The concept of education and knowledge in Islam
O The concept of Aqeedah at the time of the Prophet
O Aqeedah at the time of the companions
O Ilm al-Kalam and its development
O The Muslim sects and Mutakallim discussions in
the early period of Islam
O Shia
O Khawarij
O Murjiah
O Jabariyyah
O Muktazilah
O Ahl Sunnah wa al-Jamaah
History of the Emergence of
Aqidah schools of Thought
Akidah in the time of Prophet
Akidah in the time of Sahabah
Akidah during the time of Ummayyad period
Akidah during the period of Abbasid
Khawarij
O Faith has relationships with all
memberships in a believing community.
O Anyone who is unfaithful to that
community cannot be a believer and
cannot enter paradise
O Quran according to Kharijsm. Membership
in the community depends upon following
the laws of the Quran, anyone violates
Quran, forfeits his membership
O Imam can be from anybody even from
Ethiopian slave
Murjiism
Sinners are
accepted as
Muslims
Faith
does
not
include
works
Ali is the last in
merit
Paradis
e is
assured


Qadariyyah
Founder=Maabad al-Juhani and ghailan al-
Dimasyqi.

One group- Good
actions are from
Allah, but evil
actions from man.
Second group-
good and bad
actions are from
man
Jabbariyyah
O Good and bad
actions are from
Allah.
O People seem like
feathers that flying
in the air without
any power.

Muktazilah
Al-Tauhid
Al-Adl
Al-Wad wa al-
Waiid
Al-Manzilah
baina al-
Manzilatain
Al-Amr bi al-
Maruf wa
al.Nahy an al-
Munkar
Ahl Sunnah wa al-Jamaah
Khalaf
Al-
Asyariyyah
Maturidiyyah
Salaf
Hanbaliyah
Ibn
Taimiyyah
20 attributes of
Allah
Distribution of laws?
Ilm kalam
syariat
Nature
logic
Content of Tauhid Discourse
Approach of
Ashairah
environment
Approach of
Ibn Taimiyyah
environment
Asyairah (20 attributes)
O Abul al-Hasan Ali ibn Ismail al-Ash'ari
descendants of Abu Musa al-Ash'ari.
O Al-Ash'ari was born in 260 and died in
H/873 M 324 H/935 M [1]
O Al-Ash'ari was born in Basra, but spent a
lot of his life in Baghdad. Since his
childhood, he has studied in a famous
Mu'tazilah, namely Al-Jubba'l, learning the
teachings of the Mu'tazilah from within.
Salafiyyah (Tauhid Uluhiyyah)
O Ibn Taymiyyah al Harrani (born: 22nd
January 1263/661 H. Died 1328/728 H.
O Lived during the time that Mongol invaded
Baghdad, moved to Damascus in 1258
which at that time was ruled by the
Mamluk government based in Egypt.
O Worked hard against Sufism and Sufis
order.
Tauhid according to salafiyyah
Tauhid ar-
Rububiyyah
Tauhid al-
Uluhiyyah
Asma wa
al-Sifat
Rububiyyah
Wujud Qidam Baqa Qudrah
Uluhiyyah
Mukhalaf
atuhu lil
Hawadith
Qiyamuhu
bi nafsih
Wahdaniyya
h
sifat Wajib
Tulisan
Arab
Maksud Sifat
Sifat
Mustahil
Tulisan
Arab
Maksud
Wujud Ada Nafsiah A'dam Tiada
Qidam Sedia Salbiah Huduth Baharu
Baqa Kekal Salbiah Fana
Akan
binasa
Mukhalafat
uhu
lilhawadith


berbeza
dengan
semua
makhluk
ciptaanNya
Salbiah
Mumathala
tuhu
lilhawadith


Menyamai
atau
bersamaan
bagi-Nya
dengan
suatu yang
baru
Qiamuhu
binafsih

Berdiri-Nya
dengan
sendiri
Salbiah
Qiamuhu
bighairih

Berdiri-Nya
dengan
yang lain
Wahdaniat
Esa Allah
Ta'ala
pada
dzat,pada
sifat dan
pada
perbuatan
Salbiah Ta'addud
Berbilang-
bilang
Sifat Allah








Qudrat Berkuasa Ma'ani Ajzun Lemah
Iradat
Berkehenda
k
menentuka
n
Ma'ani Karahah
Benci iaitu
tidak
menentuka
n
Ilmu Mengetahui Ma'ani Jahlun Bodoh
Hayat Hidup Ma'ani Al-Maut Mati
Sama'
Mendenga
r
Ma'ani
As-
Summu
Pekak
Basar Melihat Ma'ani Al-Umyu Buta
Kalam
Berkata-
kata
Ma'ani Al-Bukmu Bisu
Sifat Allah






Kaunuhu
qaadiran

Keadaan-
Nya yang
berkuasa
Ma'nawiya
h
Kaunuhu
ajizan

Keadaan-
Nya yang
lemah
Kaunuhu
muriidan

Keadaan-
Nya yang
berkehend
ak
menentuka
n
Ma'nawiya
h
Kaunuhu
kaarihan

Keadaan-
Nya yang
benci iaitu
tidak
menentuka
n
Kaunuhu
'aliman

Keadaan-
Nya yang
mengetahu
i
Ma'nawiya
h
Kaunuhu
jahilan

Keadaan-
Nya yang
bodoh
Kaunuhu
hayyan

Keadaan-
Nya yang
hidup
Ma'nawiya
h
Kaunuhu
mayitan

Keadaan-
Nya yang
mati
Kaunuhu
sami'an

Keadaan-
Nya yang
mendengar
Ma'nawiya
h
Kaunuhu
asamma

Keadaan-
Nya yang
pekak
Kaunuhu
basiiran

Keadaan-
Nya yang
melihat
Ma'nawiya
h
Kaunuhu
a'maa

Keadaan-
Nya yang
buta
Kaunuhu
mutakallim
an

Keadaan-
Nya yang
berkata-
kata
Ma'nawiya
h
Kaunuhu
abkam

Keadaan-
Nya yang
kelu
Sifat Allah