NDT SDP 1

Supervisory Development Programme-I
(SDP-I)

Topic : Non Destructive Testing (NDT)

Faculty : Naveen Seth

L&T Heavy Engineering Divison
Hazira
Outline
What is NDT ?
Where is NDT used ?
When is NDT used ?
Types of Discontinuities.
Common NDT methods.
NDT in L&T
Questions & Answers

What is NDT ?
NDT- Non Destructive Testing
The use of noninvasive
techniques to determine
the integrity of a material,
component or structure or
quantitatively measure
some characteristic of
an object.i.e. Inspect or
measure without doing harm.

What is NDT ? Contd..
The field of Nondestructive Testing (NDT) is a very
broad, interdisciplinary field that plays a critical role
in assuring that structural components and systems
perform their function in a reliable and cost effective
fashion. NDT technicians and engineers define and
implement tests that locate and characterize material
conditions and flaws that might otherwise cause
planes to crash, reactors to fail, trains to derail,
pipelines to burst, and a variety of less visible, but
equally troubling events.
What is NDT ? Contd..
Because NDT allows inspection without interfering
with a product's final use, it provides an excellent
balance between quality control and cost-
effectiveness. Technology that is used in NDT is
similar to those used in the medical industry; yet,
typically nonliving objects are the subjects of the
inspections.
Where is NDT used ?
NDT is used where we need to ensure the
serviceability of a specimen. That may be the use of a
raw material such as a casting, the use of fabrication
such as welding, or the use of a finished part or
completed system. We apply NDT where we cannot
afford the cost of a failure of the specimen because
failure would be financially unacceptable or cause
harm to us.
When is NDT used ?
NDT is used both before and after production of raw
materials such as ingots and castings, before and
after fabrication, and before and after assembly of
parts into a completed system. Using NDT "before"
prevents a substandard material or part from wasting
time and increasing scrap production. The "when" is
right if profit, quality, and safety are the result of
using NDT.

Discontinuities
Definition : The change in the geometry or
composition of an object, it may be intentional or
unintentional.
Such changes inherently affect the physical
properties of the object and may in turn have an
effect on the objects ability to fulfill its intended use or
service life.
Every discontinuity is not a defect but every
defect is a discontinuity.
Discontinuities Contd
The definition of defects changes with the type of
component, its construction, its materials and the
specifications or codes in force.
It is possible that discontinuity in one object may be
defect in another.Detection of discontinuities is
largely dependent on the discontinuitys physical
characteristics.

While performing NDT it is also important to consider
how the material is produced, what manufacturing
process are used to form the finished product and
what discontinuities are typically initiated by the
process operations. Discontinuity is categorized by
the stage of manufacturing or use in which it
initiates.
Discontinuity is categorized in four stages
Inherent discontinuities.
Primary processing discontinuities.
Secondary processing discontinuities.
Service induced discontinuities.
Inherent discontinuities :
When ferromagnetic materials are produced, molten
metal solidifies into ingot form producing what is
known as inherent discontinuities.
Such discontinuities then can be rolled, forged and
section along with the material in its subsequent
processing operations.
Inherent Discontinuities
Cold shut
Location : Surface or Subsurface
Cause : The meeting of two streams of liquid metal
that do not fuse together.

Porosity
Cause : Entrapped gases during solidification of
metals

Inclusions
Cause : Contaminant introduced during the casting
process

Hot tears
Location : Surface
Cause : Restraints from the core or mold during the
cooling process.
Segregation
Location : Surface or subsurface
Cause : Localized differences in material
composition.

Primary Processing discontinuities :
Discontinuities those originate during hot or cold
forming are said to be primary processing
discontinuities. The processing of a wrought product
by rolling, forging, casting or drawing may introduce
specific discontinuities into the product and inherent
discontinuity that were at one time undetectable or
insignificant may propagate and become detrimental
Primary Processing Discontinuities (Weld)
Porosity
Cause : Vaporized constituents in the molten weld
metal are entrapped during solidification.

Cluster Porosity
Cause : Vaporized constituents in the molten weld
metal are entrapped during solidification.

Slag Inclusion
Location : Subsurface
Cause : Improper cleaning of previous weld pass
and mixing of oxides on the base metal surface into
the weld pool

Lack of Penetration
Cause : Inadequate penetration of the weld joint root
by the weld metal.

Lack of Fusion
Location : Subsurface
Cause : Failure of filler metal to coalese with the
base metal.

Suck Back
Cause : where the weld metal has contracted as it
cools and has been drawn up into the root of the
weld.

Internal Undercut
Location : Surface
Cause : Over sized weld pool (related to excessive
amperage, travel speed and electrode size.)

External Undercut
Location : Surface
Cause : Over sized weld pool (related to excessive
amperage, travel speed and electrode size.)

Offset or mismatch
Location : Surface
Cause : where two pieces being welded together are
not properly aligned.

Cold / Hot Crack
Location : Surface or Subsurface.
Cause : A combination of atomic hydrogen,
hardenable material and high residual stress.

Inadequate weld reinforcement
Location : Surface.

Excess weld reinforcement
Location : Surface.

Tungsten Inclusion
Location : Subsurface.
Cause : Molten weld pool or filler metal comes in
contact with the tip of tungsten electrode.

Burn Through
Location : Surface.
Cause : Too much heat causes excessive weld
metal to penetrate the weld zone.

Secondary processing Discontinuities
Grinding Cracks
Location : Surface
Cause : Localized overheating of the material due to
improper grinding procedures.
Heat Treating Cracks
Location : Surface
Cause : Uneven heating and cooling that produces
stresses exceeding the tensile strength of the
material.

Secondary processing Discontinuities
Quench Cracks
Location : Surface
Cause : Sudden cooling from elevated temperature
Pickling Cracks
Location : Surface
Cause : Residual stress being relieved

Service Induced Discontinuities
Fatigue
Location : Surface
Cause : Cyclically applied stress below the ultimate
tensile strength.
Creep
Location : Surface
Cause : Material subjected to elevated temperatures
and stress below the yield strength.

Service Induced Discontinuities
Stress Corrosion Cracking
Location : Surface
Cause : Combined effect of static tensile load and
corrosive environment.
Hydrogen Cracking
Location : Surface
Cause : Combined effect of applied tensile or
residual stress and hydrogen enriched environment.

Common NDT Methods
The most common NDT methods used are as
follows :
Ultrasonic Testing.
Magnetic Particle Testing.
Penetrant Testing.
Radiography Testing.
Eddy Current Testing.
High frequency sound waves are introduced into a
material and they are reflected back from surfaces or
flaws.

Reflected sound energy is displayed versus time, and
inspector can visualize a cross section of the specimen
showing the depth of features that reflect sound.
f
plate
crack
0 2 4 6 8 10
initial
pulse
crack
echo
back surface
echo
Oscilloscope, or flaw
detector screen

Ultrasonic Testing
f

Ultrasonic Testing
A typical UT inspection system consists of several
functional units, such as the pulsar/receiver,
transducer, and display devices. A pulsar/receiver is
an electronic device that can produce high voltage
electrical pulse. Driven by the pulsar, the transducer
generates high frequency ultrasonic energy. The
sound energy is introduced and propagates through
the materials in the form of waves. When there is a
discontinuity (such as a crack) in the wave path, part
of the energy will be reflected back from the flaw
surface.
f

Ultrasonic Testing
The reflected wave signal is transformed into
electrical signal by the transducer and is displayed
on a screen. The reflected signal strength is
displayed versus the time from signal generation to
when a echo was received. Signal travel time can
be directly related to the distance that the signal
traveled. From the signal, information about the
reflector location, size, orientation and other
features can sometimes be gained.

Ultrasonic Testing

Types Of Sound Waves & Propagation
In solids, molecules can support vibrations in other
directions so the number of different types (modes)
of sound waves are possible. On the basis of particle
displacement in the medium ultrasonic waves are
classified as longitudinal waves , transverse waves ,
surface waves and lamb waves . Velocity remains
the same in the given medium but differs when the
method of vibration changes.

There are four types of sound waves :
Longitudinal - Parallel to wave direction
Transverse - Perpendicular to wave direction
Surface (Rayleigh) - Elliptical orbit symmetrical mode
Plate Wave (Lamb) - Component perpendicular to
surface (extensional wave)
Longitudinal or Compressional Wave
These waves mostly used in the inspection of
materials.The velocity of longitudinal waves is about
6000 m/sec in steel,1500 m/sec in water and 330
m/sec in air.
Longitudinal waves have particle vibration in a back
and forth motion in the direction of wave
propagation. These waves are readily propagated in
the liquids,gases and elastic solids.
Transverse or Shear Wave
These wave have particle vibration perpendicular to
the direction of wave motion.These waves will not
travel through liquid, gases because force of
attraction between molecules are too small . the
velocity of these waves is about 50% the longitudinal
waves for the same medium.

Surface or Reyleigh Wave
These waves travel along the flat or curved surface
of relatively thick solid parts.The velocity of these
waves are 90% of the transverse waves in the same
material. Surface waves are useful for detecting
surface cracks.Vibration of particle follow an elliptical
path.
Plate or Lamb Wave
These waves also another type of ultrasonic waves
used to detect surface defect and penetrates only
upto half of wave length.These waves propagate in
plate only.
Transducer or Probe in UT
The conversion of electrical pulses to mechanical
vibrations and the conversion of returned mechanical
vibrations back into electrical energy is the basis for
ultrasonic testing. The active element is the heart of
the transducer as it converts the electrical energy to
acoustic energy, and vice versa.

Transducers or probes are very important tool in the
system. They act through couplant.The sensitivity of
a transducer is defined as its ability to detect
smallest discontinuities and it is measured by the
response of reflection from artificial discontinuity in
reference block.Transducers are classified into
groups according to the application.

Four basic types of transducers:

Immersion
Probe
Normal
Probe
T/R Probe
Angle Probe
Couplant
A couplant is a material (usually liquid) that facilitates
the transmission of ultrasonic energy from the
transducer into the test specimen. Couplant is
generally necessary because the acoustic
impedance mismatch between air and solids, such
as the test specimen, is large and, therefore, nearly
all of the energy is reflected and very little is
transmitted into the test material.

Couplant
The couplant displaces the air and makes it possible
to get more sound energy into the test specimen so
that a usable ultrasonic signal can be obtained. In
contact ultrasonic testing a thin film of oil, glycerin or
water is generally used and in immersion testing
water is between the transducer and the test
surface.

Probe Placement for several weld
configuration
configuration
configuration
configuration
configuration
configuration
configuration
configuration
configuration
configuration
configuration
configuration
Main uses of UT
Used to locate surface and subsurface defects in
many materials including metals, plastics, and wood.
Ultrasonic inspection is also used to measure the
thickness of materials and otherwise characterize
properties of material based on sound velocity and
attenuation measurements.
Advantages of UT
It is sensitive to both surface and subsurface discontinuities.
The depth of penetration for flaw detection or measurement is
superior to other NDT methods.
Only single-sided access is needed when the pulse-echo
technique is used.
It is high accuracy in determining reflector position and
estimating size and shape.
Minimal part preparation required.
Electronic equipment provides instantaneous results.
Detailed images can be produced with automated systems.
It has other uses such as thickness measurements, in addition
to flaw detection.

Disadvantages of UT
Surface must be accessible to transmit ultrasound.
Skill and training is more extensive than with some other methods.
It normally requires a coupling medium to promote transfer of sound
energy into test specimen.
Materials that are rough, irregular in shape, very small, exceptionally
thin or not homogeneous are difficult to inspect.
Cast iron and other coarse grained materials are difficult to inspect
due to low sound transmission and high signal noise.
Linear defects oriented parallel to the sound beam may go
undetected.
Reference standards are required for both equipment calibration, and
characterization of flaws.

Magnetic Particle Testing
This NDT method is accomplished by inducing a
magnetic field in a ferromagnetic material and then
dusting the surface with iron particles (either dry or
suspended in liquid). Surface and near-surface flaws
produce magnetic poles or distort the magnetic field
in such a way that the iron particles are attracted and
concentrated. This produces a visible indication of
defect on the surface of the material.

Magnetization
There are basically two types of magnetic field:
1. Longitudinal Magnetic field.
2. Circular Magnetic Field.

Magnetization
1. Longitudinal Magnetization : When the length of a
component is several time larger than its diameter, a
longitudinal magnetic field can be established in the
component. The component is often placed
longitudinally in the concentrated magnetic field that
fills the center of a coil or solenoid. This
magnetization technique is often referred to as a
"coil shot."

Yoke for Longitudinal Magnetization

Magnetization
2. Circular Magnetization : when current is passed
through a solid conductor, a magnetic field forms in
and around the conductor. The following statements
can be made about the distribution and intensity of
the magnetic field.
The field strength varies from zero at the center of
the component to a maximum at the surface.
The field strength at the surface of the conductor
decreases as the radius of the conductor increases
when the current strength is held constant.
(However, a larger conductor is capable of carrying
more current.)

Magnetization
The field strength outside the conductor is directly
proportional to the current strength. Inside the
conductor the field strength is dependent on the
current strength, magnetic permeability of the
material.
The field strength outside the conductor decreases
with distance from the conductor.
Magnetic Fields
Circular Magnetic Field for
Longitudinal Defects.
Longitudinal
Magnetic field for
Circular Defects.
Prods for Circular Magnetization

Examples of Magnetic Particle Indication
Indications of Cracks

Before and after inspection pictures of cracks
emanating from a hole


Indication of a crack in a saw blade


Indication of cracks running between
attachment holes in a hinge


Indication of cracks originating at a
fastener hole


Magnetic particle wet fluorescent indication
of a cracks in a drive shaft


Magnetic particle wet fluorescent indication of
a crack in a bearing

Main uses of MT
Used to inspect ferromagnetic materials (those that
can be magnetized) for defects that result in a
transition in the magnetic permeability of a material.
Magnetic particle inspection can detect surface and
near surface defects.
Advantages of MT
Large surface areas of complex parts can be
inspected rapidly.
Can detect surface and subsurface flaws.
Surface preparation is less critical than it is in
penetrant inspection.
Magnetic particle indications are produced
directly on the surface of the part and form an
image of the discontinuity.
Equipment costs are relatively low.

Disadvantages of MT
Only ferromagnetic materials can be inspected.
Proper alignment of magnetic field and defect is
critical.
Large currents are needed for very large parts.
Requires relatively smooth surface.
Paint or other nonmagnetic coverings adversely
affect sensitivity.
Demagnetization and post cleaning is usually
necessary.

Penetrant Testing
Penetrant solution is applied to
the surface of a precleaned
component. The liquid is pulled
into surface-breaking defects
by capillary action. Excess
penetrant material is carefully
cleaned from the surface. A
developer is applied to pull the
trapped penetrant back to the
surface where it is spread out
and forms an indication. The
indication is much easier to see
than the actual defect.

Steps of Penetrant Testing
1. Surface Preparation: One of the most critical
steps of a liquid penetrant inspection is the
surface preparation. The surface must be free of
oil, grease, water, or other contaminants that may
prevent penetrant from entering flaws. The
sample may also require etching if mechanical
operations such as machining, sanding, or grit
blasting have been performed. These and other
mechanical operations can smear the surface of
the sample, thus closing the defects.

2. Penetrant Application: Once the surface has been
thoroughly cleaned and dried, the penetrant material
is applied by spraying, brushing, or immersing the
parts in a penetrant bath.

3. Penetrant Dwell: The penetrant is left on the surface for a
sufficient time to allow as much penetrant as possible to be
drawn from or to seep into a defect. Penetrant dwell time is
the total time that the penetrant is in contact with the part
surface. Dwell times are usually recommended by the
penetrant producers or required by the specification being
followed. The times vary depending on the application,
penetrant materials used, the material, the form of the
material being inspected, and the type of defect being
inspected. Minimum dwell times typically range from 5 to 60
minutes. Generally, there is no harm in using a longer
penetrant dwell time as long as the penetrant is not allowed
to dry. The ideal dwell time is often determined by
experimentation and is often very specific to a particular
application.

4. Excess Penetrant Removal: This is a most delicate
part of the inspection procedure because the excess
penetrant must be removed from the surface of the
sample while removing as little penetrant as
possible from defects. Depending on the penetrant
system used, this step may involve cleaning with a
solvent, direct rinsing with water, or first treated with
an emulsifier and then rinsing with water .

5. Developer Application: A thin layer of developer is
then applied to the sample to draw penetrant
trapped in flaws back to the surface where it will be
visible. Developers come in a variety of forms that
may be applied by dusting (dry powdered), dipping,
or spraying (wet developers).

6. Indication Development: The developer is allowed to
stand on the part surface for a period of time
sufficient to permit the extraction of the trapped
penetrant out of any surface flaws. This
development time is usually a minimum of 10
minutes and significantly longer times may be
necessary for tight cracks.

7. Inspection: Inspection is then performed under
appropriate lighting to detect indications from any
flaws which may be present.

8. Clean Surface: The final step in the process is to
thoroughly clean the part surface to remove the
developer from the parts that were found to be
acceptable.

Main uses of Penetrant Testing
Used to locate cracks, porosity, and other defects
that break the surface of a material and have enough
volume to trap and hold the penetrant material.
Liquid penetrant testing is used to inspect large
areas very efficiently and will work on most
nonporous materials.
Advantages of Penetrant Testing
Large surface areas or large volumes of
parts/materials can be inspected rapidly and at low
cost.
Parts with complex geometry are routinely inspected.
Indications are produced directly on surface of the
part providing a visual image of the discontinuity.
Equipment investment is minimal.

Disadvantages of Penetrant Testing
Detects only surface breaking defects.
Surface preparation is critical as contaminants can
mask defects.
Requires a relatively smooth and nonporous surface.
Post cleaning is necessary to remove chemicals.
Requires multiple operations under controlled
conditions.
Chemical handling precautions are necessary
(toxicity, fire, waste).

The radiation used in radiography testing is a higher
energy (shorter wavelength) version of the
electromagnetic waves that we
see as visible light. The radiation can come from an
X-ray generator or a radioactive source.
Radiography Testing
High Electrical Potential
Electrons
- +
X-ray Generator or Radioactive Source Creates
Radiation
Exposure Recording Device
Radiation
Penetrate
the
Sample
Radiography Testing
Radiography Testing
RT involves the use of penetrating gamma- or X-
radiation to examine material's and product's defects
and internal features. An X-ray machine or
radioactive isotope is used as a source of radiation.
Radiation is directed through a part and onto film or
other media. The resulting shadowgraph shows the
internal features and soundness of the part. Material
thickness and density changes are indicated as
lighter or darker areas on the film.

Top view of developed film
X-ray film
X-rays are used to produce
images of objects using film or
other detector that is sensitive
to radiation. The test object is
placed between the radiation
source and detector. The
thickness and the density of
the material that X-rays must
penetrate affects the amount
of radiation reaching the
detector.
Radiography Testing
Radiography Testing
This variation in radiation produces an image on the
detector that often shows internal features of the test
object.The part is placed between the radiation
source and a piece of film. The part will stop some
of the radiation. Thicker and more dense area will
stop more of the radiation.
Main Uses of RT
Used to inspect almost any material for surface and
subsurface defects. X-rays can also be used to
locates and measures internal features, confirm the
location of hidden parts in an assembly.
Advantages of RT
Can be used to inspect virtually all materials.
Detects surface and subsurface defects.
Ability to inspect complex shapes and multi-layered
structures without disassembly.
Minimum part preparation is required.

Disadvantages of RT
Extensive operator training and skill required.
Access to both sides of the structure is usually
required.
Orientation of the radiation beam to non-volumetric
defects is critical.
Field inspection of thick section can be time
consuming.
Relatively expensive equipment investment is
required.
Possible radiation hazard for personnel.

Eddy Current Testing
Alternating electrical current is passed through a coil
producing a magnetic field. When the coil is placed
near a conductive material, the changing magnetic
field induces current flow in the material. These
currents travel in closed loops and are called eddy
currents. Eddy currents produce their own magnetic
field that can be measured and used to find flaws
and characterize conductivity, permeability, and
dimensional features.
Conductive
material
Coil
Coil's
magnetic field
Eddy
currents
Eddy current's
magnetic field
Eddy Current Testing
Main Uses of Eddy Current Testing
Used to detect surface and near-surface flaws in
conductive materials, such as the metals. Eddy
current inspection is also used to sort materials
based on electrical conductivity and magnetic
permeability, and measures the thickness of thin
sheets of metal and nonconductive coatings such
as paint.
Advantages of Eddy Current Testing
Detects surface and near surface defects.
Test probe does not need to contact the part.
Method can be used for more than flaw detection.
Minimum part preparation is required.

Disadvantages of Eddy Current Testing
Only conductive materials can be inspected.
Ferromagnetic materials require special treatment to
address magnetic permeability.
Depth of penetration is limited.
Flaws that lie parallel to the inspection probe coil
winding direction can go undetected.
Skill and training required is more extensive than
other techniques.
Surface finish and roughness may interfere.
Reference standards are needed for setup.
Non-Destructive Testing Method & Application

Material

Flaw type

Surfac
e
Cracks
&
Flaws

Sub-
Surface
Cracks
&
Flaws

Internal
Flaws
&
Disconti
nuities

Lack of
bond
Of lock
of
Fusion

Non-
Metallic
Inclusions
-
Slag,
porosity

Material
Quality

Laminations,
Thickness
Measureme
nt

Ferrous
Components
&
Finished

M.T.

U.T.
E.T.

R.T.
U.T.

U.T.

M.T.
U.T.

U.T.

Non-ferrous
Components
Finished

P.T.

U.T.
E.T.

R.T.
U.T.

U.T.
E.T.

U.T.

Aircraft
Ferrous
Components

R.T.
M.T.
E.T.

M.T.
U.T.

R.T.
U.T.

U.T.

M.T.
U.T.

U.T.

Aircraft
Non-Ferrous
Components

R.T.
P.T.
E.T.

R.T.
U.T.

R.T.
U.T.

U.T.

P.T.

U.T.


Material

Flaw type

Surfac
e
Cracks
&
Flaws

Sub-
Surfac
e
Crack
s &
Flaws

Internal
Flaws
&
Discont
inuities

Lack of
bond
Of lock
of
Fusion

Non-Metallic
Inclusions-
Slag,
porosity

Materia
l
Quality

Laminations
,
Thickness
Measureme
nt

Ferrous
Forgings &
Stampings

M.T.

M.T.
U.T.

R.T.
U.T.

R.T.
U.T.

U.T.

Ferrous raw
Materials &
Rolled
products

M.T.

M.T.
U.T.

U.T.

M.T.
U.T.

U.T.

Ferrous tube
&
pipe

M.T.

E.T.

M.T.
U.T.

U.T.

U.T.

M.T.
U.T.

U.T.


Material

Flaw type

Surface
Cracks
&
Flaws

Sub-
Surfa
ce
Crack
s &
Flaws

Internal
Flaws
&
Discont
inuities

Lack
of
bond
Or
lack of
Fusio
n

Non-
Metallic
Inclusions-
Slag,
porosity

Material
Quality

Laminations
,
Thickness
Measureme
nt

Ferrous
welds

M.T.
U.T.
P.T.

U.T.

R.T.
U.T.

R.T.
U.T.

R.T.
U.T.

U.T.

Steel
castings

M.T.

M.T.
U.T.

R.T.
U.T.

R.T.
U.T.

U.T.

Iron castings

M.T.

U.T.
E.T.

U.T.

R.T.
U.T.

U.T.

U.T.

Non-Ferrous
Components
&
Materials

P.T.
E.T.

R.T.
U.T.

U.T.

P.T.
U.T.

U.T.

NDT Facility at L&T Hazira
1. Ultrasonic Testing
Sr.no.

Model

Make

Key Features

1

USM 25 S

Krautkramer

Recording and printing facility upto
200 nos of A-Scan displays

2

USD 15X

Krautkramer

Output for permanent recording

3

SS-130/230

Sonatest

Multiple DAC and echo dynamics
determinations

4

ISONIC
UDS 3.3

Sonotron

Recording and printing of B & C scan,
end view, TOFD and probe
characteristic determination .

5

EX 10/100

EEC

Printing of freeze wave form

6

USK 6/7

Krautkramer

More gain reserve and more resolving
power

S.No

M/c
Description

Capacity

Quantity

Key Features

1.

LINAC/Mtsubi
shi

12.5MeV

1

Radiation thickness up to 500mm
with micro seconds

2.

X-Ray :
Seifert
India Ltd.

450KeV

1

High sensitivity. Using in control
rods (cd sandwich), for lower thick
and nuclear jobs.

3.

200KeV

1

4.

Gamma ray/
Tech ops

Co.60

2NO.

Radiation thickness up to 8
thickness.

5.

Ir.192

2NO.

Radiation thickness up to 3
thickness

6.

AGFA
GEVERT

Auto
Processor

2NO.

Reduce cycle time, optimum
quality, easy to service, low
chemical consumption

2. Radiography Testing.
3. Penetrant Testing.
Manufacturer

Pre-Cleaner

Penetrant

Excess Penetrant
Remover

Developer

P-Met,

Vadodra

Acetone-
Commercial
Grade

PP-15

PC-21

PD-31&31A

PP-110

PC-120

PD-130&
PD-130 A

Pradeep,

Thane

Acetone-
Commercial
Grade

FLAW-
GUIDE
Penetrant-NP

FLAW-
GUIDE
Cleaner-NP

FLAW-
GUIDE
Developer-NP

Magnaflux

Acetone-
Commercial
Grade

SPOTCHECK
SKL-I

SKC-I

SPOTCHECK
SKD-S2

Questions & Answers
Thank You

NDT SDP 1

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