Design of rural distribution,

Planning and design of town-

Electrification Scheme.
Members
Khusbu Das, 11BEE026
Kushal Singanporia, 11BEE027
Amandeep Kaur, 11BEE028
Mohit Verma, 11BEE029
Rural
Distribution
System

Rural distribution is the process of bringing electrical power
to rural and remote areas.

As the population density is very less
in rural areas, and with the absence
of high-end commercial activities, the load
to be served becomes very less(less than 10kW),
making rural electrification system quite
inexpensive as compared to other electrification
systems.
Design of Rural Distribution System.

Use of a single-phase supply for mains from a near by three-phase
supply, instead of carrying the three-phase supply over long
distances. It reduces cost of distribution, making it economical and
reliable at the same time.
Some advantages of using a single-phase supply over a three-
phase supply are simplicity, less maintenance, absence of balancing
difficulties, lighter and cheaper construction, reduced no. bushings
and insulators, better regulation, etc, etc.
Use of phase/neutral over phase/phase primaries decreases the
cost of construction and distribution as the small pole-mounted
transformers for phase/neutrals are somewhat cheaper than
designed for working on two-phase lines.

Allowable Voltage drop in rural distribution should not exceed more
than 3 % . It is lesser than the allowable voltage drop in urban areas
because generally in the rural areas, the drop allowed in secondary
distribution mains are considered a part of primary distribution
circuit.

Usually rural electrification programs are subsidized by the state
governments in order to provide cheap energy to rural consumers.
Rural Electrification In India.
In India, all rural electrification
related activities like financing and
monitoring of rural electrification
programs, strengthening of
existing systems, providing loans
for agricultural production, etc, etc
are controlled by Rural
Electrification Corporation
Limited(REC) established in 1969.
Specification and standards prepared
by REC.

For sub-transmission purpose, 33kV lines are used and the sizes of
the conductors are taken according to the standards specified by REC.
Usually ACSR conductors are used.

For distribution, 11kV(H.T.) lines are used for primary rural
distribution using ACSR conductors and for secondary distribution,
415/240 V three-phase four-wire(L.T.) supply is given to the consumers
using AAC or ACSR conductors.
























Conductors, usually used for H.T. lines are of 7/2.59 mm having an
area of 20 mm
2
(ACSR) and for L.T. lines, 7/3.35 mm having an area of
30 mm
2
(ACSR) or 7/2.21 mm, 16 mm
2
(AAC) or 7/3.10, 30 mm
2
(AAC)
conductors are used.


Standard ratings used for distribution transformers are of 25, 63
and 100 kVA, having no-load voltage ratios of about 11000/433-250
V, with primary being delta connected and secondary being star
connected. The recommended percentage impedance is 4.5% at 75
O
C.
The no-load and load losses should not exceed more than the values
prescribed by REC.




Lastly, after getting voltage at various loading points, it is checked
that the voltage at the last consumers point is within the permissible
limit and the losses are also checked and maintained within a limit i.e.
of 10% in the system.
SWER(single-wire-earth-
return system )

Introduction
Electrification of small and isolated villages, where the loading is not
likely to change in near future, that are sufficiently far from the H.V
distribution lines , it is not economically viable if three phase
distribution is adopted. The economical way is electrification by SWER
high voltage distribution at 11kv.
The SWER system comprises of a single high voltage conductor
erected on poles, and using the earth as the return path , supplying
distribution transformer which have primary windings connected to
the single wire and the earth.
Advantages
Saving of two overhead conductors, two insulators and one cross
arm.
Only one H.V bushing is required on distribution transformers.
In most cases, smaller ACSR conductor would be adequate for H.V
lines.
Single phase distribution transformers of smaller sizes i.e 10, 16, 25
kVA would be adequate to meet the load requirements.
Distribution transformers being small can be erected on the poles.
Reduction in cost.
Savings in energy losses in the system.
Disadvantages
As H.V earthing system carries heavy current, during fault conditions,
dangerous potential may developed the point of earthing. Therefore
extensive earthing system is required for safety.
It results in unbalanced loading in the system, hence isolating
transformer may be used for more balanced loading.
Great care is required to take care that the telecommunication lines
are not harmfully affected.
The system is not considered safe and suitable for the use in area
where the soil resistivity is more than 200.


Planning and Design of
town electrification
schemes
Surveying and Mapping
Survey the area which is to be supplied with electricity and plot the map.

Prediction of load
Predict the loads that would be available in area with regaurd to their magnitude ,time of
occurrence, location and demand.

Types of load
Sort out the types of load-residential commercial municipal , industrial etc.

Area Separation
Separate the areas. if possible into residential area, commercial, industrial and rural areas

Load densities
Look for the load densities and guess for the type of distribution that is used for the suitable load
densities



Power supply
Check the power supply source nearby and the voltage of the transmission lines of the grid system
nearby.

Location of substation
Fix the location of the transmission substation and choose the voltage of same


Main distribution substation
Locate the main distribution substations , separate for each type of load to step down sub
transmission voltage to primary distribution voltage. Choose the voltage as 11, 6.6 or 33kv.

Total Load
Find the total load on each type of the areas, and maximum demand is calculated using diversity
and demand factor.




Capacity of Transformer
Choose the capacity of the transformer in the main distribution.plan the layout of the sub
station required.

Loads and designing of Primary distribution system
Find the loads which are provided at primary distribution voltages .design the primary
distribution system type<radial, loop>.

Size of conductor
Choose size of the conductors and show layout on the map. Check voltage drops.

Stepping of voltage
The primary distribution will supply various power substation which will step down voltages
from primary distribution voltage level to the distribution voltage level of the secondary
distribution .

Centre of gravity of load
Show loads in each area on map and subdivide area indicating the centre of gravity of the
load. Locate transformer substation near the load centres. Choose the size of the
transformer.

Layout of secondary distribution
Show the layout of the secondary distributors on map .work for the size of conductors used
for secondary distribution system.choose type of secondary system used weather ring ,
radial system. This depends on the load density in the area and the type of the load supplied.

Expansion of system
Keep provision for easy addition of the distribution system.

Voltage regulation
Study requirement of any shunt capacitors and their location if neccesory for improvement
of regulation as well as power factor of the system.
Lamp Flicker
Avoid lamp flickers and keep sudden voltage fluctuations within the limit
of 2 to 2.5%.study the use of series capacitor on line.

Capital Cost
Check the capital cost of the equipment and the lines in the whole
system including sub transmission lines, primary distribution ,secondary
distribution.

Various Factors
There are various factors to be considered in arriving at the best
solution. Heck the losses in the distribution system. Work out for the cost
per kWh sold to different types of consumer and find the tariff rates.