Three Phase System Analysis

Sequence component analysis of the balanced 3 phase system both

for balanced & unbalanced loading conditions.

Ex: Series admittance of 3 phase transmission line ie mutually coupled
lines


Admittance matrix is




Admittance matrix representation is

Symmetrical component transformation mutually coupled coils in
to three uncoupled coils.





[Ts] is the transformation matrix= 1 1 1
1 a
2
a
1 a a
2


Therefore transformed admittance matrix becomes
If the system elements are balanced i.e.






[Y
012
] will be diagonal and mutually coupled 3 phase system is transformed
into 3 uncoupled symmetrical systems. similar to 1phase LF.
If [Y
abc
] is in unbalanced state i.e. elements are unbalanced [Y
012
] will be
full and sequence networks will be mutually coupled.
Symmetrical component frame of reference for problem analysis fails.
Phase coordinate method is adopted.


Compound admittances
Concept based on the use of matrix to represent admittance of the
network.
Consider 6 mutually coupled single admittances whose primitive
network is
Primitive admittance matrix relates the nodal injected currents to
branch voltages as


By partitioning eqn becomes
This partitioning is eqvt to grouping 6 coils into two compound coils,
each composed of 3 individual admittances.
Primitive network using compound admittances







If the coupling between two groups of admittances are bilateral
i.e. if y
ik
=y
ki








Consider a network represented by
single admittances









compound admittances

Its primitive network and primitive admittance matrix is shown below

Primitive network for compound admittance
Actual network admittance matrix can be obtained by
linear transformation.
Admittance matrix can be formed by inspection
when there is no coupling b/n compound admittance
Diagonal term is the sum of the individual branch
admittances connected to the node corresponding to that
term.
Off-diagonal term is the negated sum of the branch
admittances connected b/n the two corresponding nodes.
Three phase Models of Transmission lines
Line parameters are calculated from the line geometrical
characteristics.
These are expressed as a series impedance and shunt
admittance per unit length of line.
Lumped pi model of a 3 phase short line
Matrix equivalent
and compound admittance representation






Admittance matrix for the short line b/n i & k in
terms of 3x3 matrix quantities is given by


Mutually coupled 3 phase transmission lines
Electrostatic and Electromagnetic coupling.
Two coupled lines form a subsystem of four system bus
bars.
Eg.
Admittance matrix for sub system is given by
Mutually coupled parallel transmission lines (bus bars of
coupled lines are not distinct)
Shunt Elements
Shunt reactors and capacitors.
Data given in terms of rated MVA & kV.
Admittance in pu is calculated
Eg: Shunt capacitor bank
Series Elements
Series capacitor bank b/n node i&k
Admittance matrix for subsystem is
Three phase models of synchronous machines
Modeled by their sequence impedances because of the
symmetry of phase windings.
Phase component representation of generator in terms of
sequence impedance matrix is
Phase component impedance matrix is





Nodal admittance matrix is given by the inverse of
impedance matrix which relates the injected currents at
generator bus bar to their nodal voltages.
Phase Component model of the generator
Sequence component model of the machine
The voltage at the internal or excitation bus bar
form a balanced 3 phase set. i.e
Three phase models of Transformer
Being a balanced 3 phase device it is represented by its
eqvt. sequence network.
Also modeled in phase coordinate method based on
primitive admittance matrix.

Primitive Admittance model of 3 phase transformer
Consider a 2 winding 3 phase transformer
The primitive network and primitive admittance matrix is
given by
Assuming flux path to be symmetrically distributed
between windings
If inter phase coupling neglected, the coupling is
modeled as for a single phase unit
Admittance matrix is

Admittance model of actual connected network is
formed by linear transformation.
Consider a star-star connected transformer with
neutral solidly grounded
The connection matrix is given by







Nodal admittance matrix is

Similarly for a star G-delta transformer
Two winding transformer represented as two
compound coils

Sequence component modeling of 3 phase
Transformer
With reference to star G-delta connection, its y
node can be partitioned into self and mutual
elements and transformation can be applied to
obtain the sequence admittance submatrces.
Three phase load flow solution
For assessing the unbalanced operation of an
interconnected system and any significant load
unbalance, three phase LF algorithm is necessary.
Formulation of unbalanced load flow problem
requires the formation of nodal admittance matrix
of the unbalanced network.
This is assembled by taking one element at a time
and modifying the matrix of partial network to
reflect the addition. The process is continued till
all elements such as machines, lines, transformers,
shunt parameters etc are considered.

Overall system admittance matrix is formed by
combining the subsystem admittance matrix.

>The self admittance of any bus bar is the sum of all
the individual self admittance matrices at that bus
bar.

>The mutual admittance between any two bus bars
is the sum of the individual mutual admittance
matrices from all the subsystems containing those
two nodes.


Three phase system behavior is given by the nodal
equation,
[I] - [Y] [V]=0
Where Y is the nodal admittance matrix or system
admittance matrix containing all sort of
unbalances of the system.

Each bus bar is represented by three nodes, each
representing a phase.
Each neutral is a node if not solidly grounded.
Each load is assumed decoupled in to three parts
and each is connected to a node.
Notations used

AC system is considered to have a total of n bus bars,
n=nb + ng
nb=no. of actual system bus bars
ng=no. of synch machines
i, j - system bus bars
i=1, nb all load bus bars+ all generator terminal bus bar
i=nb + ng internal bus bar at slack machine

i=nb+1, nb+ng-1 all generator internal bus bar except the
slack machine

reg- voltage regulator
Int- internal bus bar at a generator
gen- generator
p, m- three phases at a particular bus


The minimum and sufficient set of variables to define the
three-phase system under steady-state operation.

The slack generator internal bus bar voltage magnitude
V
int j
where j = nb + ng.
(The angle
int j
is taken as a reference.)

The internal busbar voltage magnitude V
int j
and angles

int j
at all other generators,
i.e. j = nb + 1, nb + ng - 1. (Only two variables are associated
with each generator internal bus bar as the
three-phase voltages are balanced)

The three voltage magnitudes (V
i
p
) and angles (
i
p
) at
every generator terminal bus bar and every load bus bar
in the system, i.e. i = 1, nb and p = 1,3
The equations necessary to solve for the above set of
variables are derived from the specified operating
conditions,

The individual phase real and reactive power
loading at every system bus bar.
The voltage regulator specification for every
synchronous machine.
The total real power generation of each
synchronous machine, with the exception of slack
machine.
At slack machine, fixed voltage in phase and
magnitude, is applicable to the three-phase load
flow.
The mathematical statement of the specified
conditions in terms of Y matrix is as follows

1. For each of the three phases ( p ) at every load
and generator terminal bus bar (i),







2. For every generator j,



where k is the bus number of the j
th
generators
terminal bus bar.

3. For every generator j , with the exception of the
slack machine, i.e. j nb + ng,






the mutual terms G
jk
and B
jk
are nonzero only when
k is the terminal bus bar of the j
th
generator.





The mathematical formulation of 3 phase LF
problem is given by the above three set of
independent algebraic eqn in terms of system
variables.

Load Flow solution is the set of variables which
makes up on substitution the mismatches in the
eqn equal to zero.

The solution is obtained in an iterative manner
using the Fast Decoupled algorithm.
The problem is defined as

The effects of on reactive power flows and V
on real power flows are ignored, therefore
[ I ] = [M] = [J] = [ N ] = 0
and [C] = [GI = 0.

In addition, the voltage regulator specification is
assumed to be in terms of the terminal voltage
magnitudes only and therefore
[D] = [H] = 0.

The equation in decoupled form is



for i, k = 1, nb and j, I = 1, ng - 1 (i.e. excluding the
slack generator), l refers to generator internal bus bar
and


for i, k = 1, nb and j , I = 1, ng (i.e. including the slack
generator).



Jacobian elements are given as follows
Consider for a generator internal bus bar l

the sub matrix A &B is given by




Similarly E & F is given by






Where [F
jl
]=0 for all jl because the j
th
generator has no
connection with the l
th
generators internal bus bar

Sub matrix K,P,L&R is given by







[L
m
jk
]=0, when k is not the terminal bus bar of j
th

generator










[R
jl
]=0 for all j, l as the voltage regulator
specification does not include the variables V
int


Jacobian approximations
1. At all nodes (all phases of all bus bars)


2. Between connected nodes of same phase,



3. The phase angle unbalance at any busbar will be
small


4. The angle between different phases of connected
bus bars will be 120
o
i.e.


Applying approximation to the jacobians we get the
eqns as







where
All the terms in matrix [M] are constant and is
same as [B] matrix except for the off diagonal
terms which connects nodes of different phases.

The reliability and speed of convergence can be
improved with some modification in the defining
function.
1. The left-hand side defining functions are
redefined as [P
p
i
/ V
p
i
] , [P
gen j
/V
int j
] and
[Q
p
i
/ V
p
i
]
2. In equation (1), the remaining right-hand-side V
terms are set to 1 p.u.
3. In equation(2), the remaining right-hand-side V
terms are cancelled by the corresponding terms
in the right-hand-side vector.
There fore the eqn becomes,
As V
reg
is normally a simple linear function of
the terminal voltages, [L] will be a constant
matrix
Therefore, the Jacobian matrices [B] and [ B ] in
equations have been approximated to constants.

The final algorithmic eqn may be written as





The eqns are now solved iteratively using the
algorithms
Starting values for the iterations are assigned as
1. The non voltage-controlled bus bars are assigned 1
p.u. on all phases.
2. At generator terminal bus bars all voltages are
assigned values according to the voltage regulator
specifications.
3. All system bus bar angles are assigned 0, - 120
0
, +
120
0
for the three phases respectively.
4. The generator internal voltages and angles are
calculated from the specified real power.
5. For the slack machine the real power is estimated as
the difference between total load and total
generation plus a small percentage (say 8%) of the
total load to allow for losses
Form the system admittance model from the raw data
for each system component.

Constant Jacobians B' and B" are formed from the
system admittance matrix.

Each equation are then solved using the iterative
technique.

The iterative solution process yields the values of the
system voltages which satisfy the specified system
conditions of load, generation and system
configuration.

The three-phase bus bar voltages, the line power flows
and the total system losses are calculated.