NEW TRENDS IN WIRELESS

COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY
(WITH SUITABLE MULTIPLE ACCESS)
Manoj Kr. Shukla
Assistant Professor
Dept. of Electronics Engineering
Harcourt Butler Technological Institute
Kanpur 208002
Email: manojs@hbti.ac.in, manojkrshukla@rediffmail.com
Question
The EM spectrum is a limited resource

How can we share it?
Time
Space
Frequency
Polarization
Spread Spectrum - use a wider bandwidth?
Multiple Access techniques
Goal



Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA)
Space Division Multiple Access (SDMA)
Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA)
Polarization Division Multiple Access (PDMA)
Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA)
Interleave Division Multiple Access (IDMA)
Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access
(OFMA)


allow many users to
simultaneously share a
communications resource
Key Issue
separate the signals at the receiver to
extract your information

Two methods
Do not mix the signals in the first place
can use space or time (SDMA or TDMA)
Use distinctive properties of each signal as a
means to identify
Frequency spectrum (FDMA)
Polarization of waves (PDMA)
code sequence attached to each message (CDMA)
International Cocktail Party
FDMA Large room divided up into small rooms with
limited microphones. Each pair of people takes turns
speaking.

TDMA Large room divided up into small rooms with
limited microphones. Certain pairs of people per room,
however, each pair gets limited seconds to speak.

CDMA No small rooms. Everyone is speaking in
different languages with own microphones. If voice
volume is minimized, the number of people is
maximized.
Definitions
TDMA Time Division Multiple Access

FDMA Frequency Division Multiple Access

CDMA Code Division Multiple Access

IDMA- Interleave Division Multiple Access
General Specification of TDMA
Rx: 869-894MHz Tx: 824-849MHz
832 Channels spaced 30kHz apart
(3 users/channel)
DQPSK modulation scheme
48.6kbps bit rate
Interim Standard (IS) 54
Digital AMPS (Advanced Mobile Phone System)
Uses Time Division Duplexing (TDD) usually
The incoming data from each source are
briefly buffered and scanned to to form a
composite digital data stream m
c
( t ) .
TDMA Details
Buffer
Buffer
Buffer
1 2 N
U
1

U
2

U
N

m
1
( t )
m
2
( t )
m
N
( t )
m
c
( t )
Scan operation
p
r
e
a
m
b
l
e

1 2 N
p
r
e
a
m
b
l
e

...
information
Each slot may be empty or occupied.
+ has preamble & guard bits
Frame Frame
Time slot
TDMA System
Each user receives half of
the frame and the full
bandwidth.
Users can resolve both
multipath
Time allocation is
independent of power
allocation.
Nonlinear ISI
cancellation.
Cancel edge effects as
well.
s
0
h
1
s
0
h
2
s
1
h
1
s
1
h
2
s
2
h
1
s
2
h
2
Interval of Interest
TDMA Block Diagram
Estimate
Channel
Equalize
User 1
Data
User 2
Data
Channel
ISI
Cancellation
Detect and
Decode
Output
Advantages of TDMA
Flexible bit rate
No frequency guard band required
No need for precise narrowband filters
Easy for mobile or base stations to initiate and
execute hands off
Extended battery life
TDMA installations offer savings in base station
equipment, space and maintenance
The most cost-effective technology for
upgrading a current analog system to digital
Disadvantages to using TDMA
Requires network-wide timing
synchronization
Requires signal processing fro matched
filtering and correlation detection
Demands high peak power on uplink in
transient mode
Multipath distortion
General Specification of FDMA
Rx: 869-894MHz Tx: 824-849MHz
832 Channels spaced 30kHz apart
(3 users/channel)
DQPSK modulation scheme
48.6kbps bit rate
Used in analog cellular phone systems (i.e.
AMPS)
Uses Frequency Division Duplexing (FDD)
ISI (Intersymbol Interference) is low
Advantages of FDMA
Channel bandwidth is relatively narrow (30kHz)
Simple algorithmically, and from a hardware
standpoint
Fairly efficient when the number of stations is small
and the traffic is uniformly constant
Capacity increase can be obtained by reducing the
information bit rate and using efficient digital code
No need for network timing
No restriction regarding the type of baseband or type
of modulation
Disadvantages to using FDMA
The presence of guard bands
Requires right RF filtering to minimize
adjacent channel interference
Maximum bit rate per channel is fixed
Small inhibiting flexibility in bit rate
capability
Does not differ significantly from analog
system
If channel is not in use, it sits idle

SDMA
Space Division Multiple Access

Use highly directional
The receiver selects the beam that provides the
greatest signal enhancement and interference
reduction
Smart antenna
systems can adjust
their antenna pattern
to enhance the
desired signal, null or
reduce interference.
Desired
Signal
Direction
SDMA Pros and Cons
Advantages
BW increases with
km
2


Simple system

Disadvantages
Restricted Geometry
terminals in same
direction cannot share
May have unused BW
if no terminals in given
zone, bw not used
PDMA
Polarization Division Multiple Access

Two methods
Two antennas with orthogonal polarizations
an antenna with dual-polarization (SATCOM)

Each polarization provides one separate
channel

PDMA Pros and Cons
Advantages
doubles BW

Disadvantages
Large specialized Ae

Spread Spectrum
CDMA - FHMA - DSMA - SSMA
Definition - Spread Spectrum
The transmission bandwidth must be much
larger than the information bandwidth

The resulting RF bandwidth is determined
by a function other than the information
being sent
f
Power
Density
PD
i

PD
SS

Conventional
Transmission
Spread Spectrum
Transmission
B
SS

B
i

same total power
Spread Spectrum - illustrated
How
Two main methods
Frequency Hopped Multiple Access (FHMA)
Direct Sequence Multiple Access (DSMA)
THMA does exist, but not common

Both depend on pseudo random
orthogonal codes
often called pseudo noise
FHSS
Frequency Hopping Multiple Access
message is "cut" into small "chunks"

Each chunk is modulated by a different f
c

(determined by pseudo-random code)

A band pass filter accepts the signals that
follow the hopping sequence and rejects
all other
requires synchronization


note - some early systems used short
predictable patterns
FHSS - illustrated
Frequency
Time
Tune
Time
Frequency
Hop
Dwell
Time
DSMA
Direct Sequence Multiple Access
Each bit is chipped

Example - time domain
Data
Chips
0.1 ms
1 bit
0.1 s
1000 chips
Requires much wider bandwidth
Cross Correlation
to determine start of code
to lock onto correct code
Mathematical process used to determine the
similarity between two signals
111101011001000
011110101100100
100011110101100 Modulo-2 sum
15-bit Code
Received Signal
Correlation = -1/15 (very poor)
Used for despreading
Pseudo Random Orthogonal...
Different sequences are said to be
orthogonal if they do not interfere with
one another
(ie have low cross correlation)

A sequence is pseudo random if it is
orthogonal with a time shifted version of
itself

note - this significantly reduces the
number of codes available << 2
n
-1
Transmitted
(Coded) Signal
Baseband
Signal
Noise
Info Signal
Before spreading After spreading
Info
Spreading Process
How can you recover signal < noise
SNR
out
BW
RF

SNR
in
R
info



SNR gain of spread spectrum
The ratio of the SNR out to the SNR into
the demodulator ( spreading factor).
G
P
=
=
Given: 1 Mcps PN code
1 kbps information data signal
BW
RF
= 2 MHz
G = 2 x 10 = 2000 = 33 dB
p
6
10
3
This means that after de-spreading, signal
is 33 dB (2000 times) bigger than the noise.
Example
General Specification of CDMA
Rx: 869-894MHz Tx: 824-849MHz
20 Channels spaced 1250kHz apart
(798 users/channel)
QPSK/(Offset) OQPSK modulation scheme
1.2288Mbps bit rate
IS-95 standard
Operates at both 800 and 1900 MHz frequency
bands
CDMA Operation
Spread Spectrum Multiple
Access Technologies
CDMA in theory
Sender A
sends A
d
= 1, key A
k
= 010011 (0= -1, 1= +1)
sending signal A
s
= A
d
* A
k
= (-1, +1, -1, -1, +1,
+1)
Sender B
sends B
d
= 0, key B
k
= 110101 (0= -1, 1= +1)
sending signal B
s
= B
d
* B
k
= (-1, -1, +1, -1, +1, -
1)
Both signals superimpose in space
interference neglected (noise etc.)
A
s
+ B
s
= (-2, 0, 0, -2, +2, 0)
Decoding CDMA
Receiver wants to receive signal from sender A
apply key A
k
bitwise (inner product)
A
e
= (-2, 0, 0, -2, +2, 0) A
k
= 2 + 0 + 0 + 2 + 2 + 0 =
6
result greater than 0, therefore, original bit was 1
receiving B

B
e
= (-2, 0, 0, -2, +2, 0) B
k
= -2 + 0 + 0 - 2 - 2 + 0 = -
6, i.e. 0

CDMA Encode/Decode
slot 1 slot 0
d
1
= -1
1 1 1 1
1 - 1 - 1 - 1 -
Z
i,m
= d
i
.
c
m
d
0
= 1
1 1 1 1
1 - 1 - 1 - 1 -
1 1 1 1
1 - 1 - 1 - 1 -
1 1 1 1
1 - 1 - 1 - 1 -
slot 0
channel
output
slot 1
channel
output
channel output Z
i,m
sender
code
data
bits
slot 1 slot 0
d
1
= -1
d
0
= 1
1 1 1 1
1 - 1 - 1 - 1 -
1 1 1 1
1 - 1 - 1 - 1 -
1 1 1 1
1 - 1 - 1 - 1 -
1 1 1 1
1 - 1 - 1 - 1 -
slot 0
channel
output
slot 1
channel
output
receiver
code
received
input
D
i
= S

Z
i,m
.
c
m
m=1
M
M
CDMA: two-sender interference
MC-CDMA System
Complex orthogonal spreading
codes.
Length 2
Spread over two
subcarriers.
Both users use full bandwidth
and full frame.
Each subcarrier is flat fading
Code allocation and spreading
length is independent of power
allocation.
s
1
c
11
f
1
s
1
c
12
f
2

s
2
c
21
f
1
s
2
c
22
f
2

Full Bandwidth
Half Bandwidth
User 1
User 2
First
Subcarrier
Second
Subcarrier
Multicarrier CDMA
The data is serial-to-parallel converted.
Symbols on each branch spread in time.
Spread signals transmitted via OFDM
Get spreading in both time and frequency
c(t)
IFFT
P/S convert
S/P convert
s(t)
c(t)
MC-CDMA Block Diagram
Estimate
Channel
FFT
Despread
Spread
Spread IFFT
IFFT
S Channel
Interference
Cancellation
Equalize
Detect and
Decode
User 1
Data
User 2
Data
Output
DS-CDMA System
Complex, orthogonal spreading
codes.
Length 2
Synchronous transmission
Users can resolve both
multipath components.
Nonlinear interference
cancellation
ISI
Other user
Code assignment and
spreading length are
independent of power
allocation.
s
1
c
11
h s
1
c
12
h
s
2
c
21
h s
2
c
22
h
Symbol Interval
Chip Interval
User 1
User 2
DS-CDMA Block Diagram
Estimate
Channel
Despread
Detect and
Decode
User 1
Data
User 2
Data
Spread
Spread
S Channel
Interference
Cancellation
Equalize
Output
Capacity
CDMA has the ability to deliver 10 to 20
times the capacity as FDMA for the
same bandwidth.
CDMA also has a capacity advantage
over TDMA by 5 to 7 times.
TD-SCDMA development
Datang Telecommunication
technology (former China
Academy of
Telecommunication
Technology) is the most active
TD-SCDMA developer
The biggest manufacturers
have formed number of Joint
Ventures for TD-SCDMA R&D
The Chinese Government has
already invested more than 1
billion (US$123.3 million) in
the research and development
(R&D) of TD-SCDMA
Domestic companies have got
heavy public subsidies for TD-
SCDMA development
TD-SCDMA
developer pool
TD-SCDMA
ITU standard, belongs to
3GPP
TDD technology, fully
compatible with GSM and
GPRS
Easy to upgrade from
existing infrastructure
Efficient use of spectrum
Effective data transmission.
Asynchronous uplink
downlink, suitable for
Internet traffic
Use of Smart Antenna
technology
Good mobility: > 120 km/h
Large cells, with diameter
up to 40 km

Standard development far
behind rivals. Standard is
very immature, no
commercial use so far
No large scale support from
industry. Only few TD-
SCDMA chips available
Lack of equipments and
handsets. No mass
production.
No uniform platform for
applications -> No
application developer
pool
Some unsolved technical
problems:
Cell interference
large cell area functions
high speed mobility
poor stability of existing
ICs
Power consumption of
handsets
Pros:
Cons:
TD-SCDMA forum
Industry consortium devoted to develop
and support TD-SCDMA technology
Established in Dec/2000 by China Mobile,
China Telecom, China Unicom, Datang,
Huawei, Motorola, Nortel and Siemens
More than 420 members
16 Board Members
18 Senior Members
390 ordinary members
5. Third Generation Mobile
5.3 TD-SCDMA
Advantages of CDMA
Many users of CDMA use the same frequency,
TDD or FDD may be used
Multipath fading may be substantially reduced
because of large signal bandwidth
No absolute limit on the number of users
Easy addition of more users
Impossible for hackers to decipher the code sent
Better signal quality
No sense of handoff when changing cells
Disadvantages to using CDMA
As the number of users increases, the
overall quality of service decreases
Self-jamming
Near- Far- problem arise
higher complexity of a receiver
all signals should have the same strength
at a receiver


Terminals A sends and B receives
signal strength decreases proportional to the
square of the distance
the signal of terminal B therefore drowns
out As signal
near and far terminals
A
B
Comparison SDMA/TDMA/FDMA/CDMA

Approach SDMA TDMA FDMA CDMA
Idea
segment space into
cells/sectors
segment sending
time into disjoint
time-slots, demand
driven or fixed
patterns
segment the
frequency band into
disjoint sub-bands
spread the spectrum
using orthogonal codes
Terminals
only one terminal can
be active in one
cell/one sector
all terminals are
active for short
periods of time on
the same frequency
every terminal has its
own frequency,
uninterrupted
all terminals can be active
at the same place at the
same moment,
uninterrupted
Signal
separation
cell structure, directed
antennas
synchronization in
the time domain
filtering in the
frequency domain
code plus special
receivers
Advantages
very simple, increases
capacity per km
established, fully
digital, flexible
simple, established,
robust
flexible, less frequency
planning needed, soft
handover
Dis-
advantages
inflexible, antennas
typically fixed
guard space
needed (multipath
propagation),
synchronization
difficult
inflexible,
frequencies are a
scarce resource
complex receivers, needs
more complicated power
control for senders
Comment
only in combination
with TDMA, FDMA or
CDMA useful
standard in fixed
networks, together
with FDMA/SDMA
used in many
mobile networks
typically combined
with TDMA
(frequency hopping
patterns) and SDMA
(frequency reuse)
still faces some problems,
higher complexity,
lowered expectations; will
be integrated with
TDMA/FDMA
CDMA Design Considerations
Bandwidth limit channel usage to 5 MHz
Chip rate depends on desired data rate, need for
error control, and bandwidth limitations; 3 Mcps or
more is reasonable
Multirate advantage is that the system can flexibly
support multiple simultaneous applications from a
given user and can efficiently use available capacity
by only providing the capacity required for each
service
CDMA2000 Pros and Cons
Evolution from original Qualcomm CDMA
Now known as cdmaOne or IS-95
Better migration story from 2G to 3G
cdmaOne operators dont need additional
spectrum
1xEVD0 promises higher data rates than UMTS,
i.e. W-CDMA
Better spectral efficiency than W-CDMA(?)
Arguable (and argued!)
CDMA2000 core network less mature
cmdaOne interfaces were vendor-specific
Hopefully CDMA2000 vendors will comply w/
3GPP2
W-CDMA (UMTS) Pros and Cons
Wideband CDMA
Standard for Universal Mobile Telephone
Service (UMTS)
Committed standard for Europe and likely
migration path for other GSM operators
Leverages GSMs dominant position
Requires substantial new spectrum
5 MHz each way (symmetric)
Legally mandated in Europe and elsewhere
Sales of new spectrum completed in Europe
At prices that now seem exorbitant
TD-SCDMA
Time division duplex (TDD)
Chinese development
Will be deployed in China
Good match for asymmetrical traffic!
Single spectral band (1.6 MHz) possible
Costs relatively low
Handset smaller and may cost less
Power consumption lower
TDD has the highest spectrum efficiency
Power amplifiers must be very linear
Relatively hard to meet specifications
IMT-2000 Radio Standards
IMT-SC* Single Carrier (UWC-136): EDGE
GSM evolution (TDMA); 200 KHz channels; sometimes
called 2.75G
IMT-MC* Multi Carrier CDMA: CDMA2000
Evolution of IS-95 CDMA, i.e. cdmaOne
IMT-DS* Direct Spread CDMA: W-CDMA
New from 3GPP; UTRAN FDD
IMT-TC** Time Code CDMA
New from 3GPP; UTRAN TDD
New from China; TD-SCDMA
IMT-FT** FDMA/TDMA (DECT legacy)
* Paired spectrum; ** Unpaired spectrum
Dept. of Electronics &
Communication Engineering 57

Some Requirements for Future Wireless
Systems
low receiver cost
de-centralized (i.e., asynchronous) control,
simple treatment of ISI,
cross-cell interference mitigation,
diversity against fading,
power efficiency (long battery life),
multi-media services (e.g., mixed voice and IP),
high user number,
high throughput and high spectral efficiency,


FDMA
TDMA
CDMA
Dept. of Electronics &
Communication Engineering 58
Evolution of IDMA
A conventional CDMA system requires separate coding
and spreading operations.

Verdu and Viterbi [2]* has shown that the optimum
multiple channel capacity (MAC) is achievable only when
entire bandwidth is devoted to coding.

This suggests combining the coding and spreading
operations using low-rate codes to maximize coding
gain.

*S. Verd and S. Shamai, Spectral efficiency of CDMA with random
spreading, IEEE Trans. Inform. Theory, vol. 45, pp. 622640, Mar. 1999
Dept. of Electronics &
Communication Engineering 59
Possible Solution for User Separation
Narrow band coded-modulation scheme using trellis
code structures [4]

To employ chip-level interleavers [3][4][5][6]

Improvement in CDMA scheme by assigning
different interleavers to different users [5]*[6]**
Evolution of IDMA..
*A. Tarable,et al, Analysis and design of interleavers for CDMA systems, IEEE Commun.
Lett., vol. 5,, Oct. 2001.
**S. Brck, U. Sorger, S. Gligorevic, and N. Stolte, Interleaving for outer convolutional
codes in DSCDMA Systems, IEEE Trans. Commun.,July 2000.

Dept. of Electronics &
Communication
Engineering 60
Encoder (C)
Encoder (C)
User K
User 1
Interleaver
Interleaver
Spreader 1
Spreader K


Multiple Access
Multipath
Channel
Correlator
Bank
Elementary
Multi-User
Detector
(EMUD)
Interleaver
Deinterleaver
Interleaver
Deinterleaver
Decoder
Decoder
User1
User K
Turbo Processor
Conventional CDMA Transmitter and an Iterative MUD Receiver
Dept. of Electronics &
Communication
Engineering 61
Encoder (C)
Encoder (C)
User K
User 1
Spreader
Spreader
Interleaver 1
Interleaver K


Multiple Access
Multipath
Channel
Elementary
Signal
Estimator
(ESE)
Interleaver 1
Deinterleaver 1
Interleaver K
Deinterleaver K
Decoder
(DEC)
Decoder
(DEC)
User 1
User K
Turbo
Processor
IDMA Transmitter and Receiver structures
CODER
eESE (x1 (j))
eESE (xK (j))
eDEC (xK (j))
eDEC (x1 (j))
r(j)
Categories of Wireless Networks
<source : Wireless communication technology landscape, DELL >
WPAN :
Personal Area Connectivity
10 meters
WLAN :
Local Area Connectivity
100 meters
WMAN :
Metro Area Connectivity
(City or suburb)
WWAN :
Wide Area Connectivity
(Broad geographic
coverage)
Beyond 100 meters
Bluetooth, UWB WiFi, HiperLan WiMax
AMPS, GSM, IS-95
cdma2000, W-CDMA
Digital Technology
Frequency-shift keying (FSK)
- uses two frequencies (one for 1s & the
other for 0s)
- alternates between the two frequencies
modulation and encoding schemes
- convert the analog ->digital, compress it-
>analog
- acceptable level of voice quality maintained
Cell phones need a lot of processing power
Cellular vs. PCS
digital cellular,
paging, caller ID and
email

PCS has smaller cells
and larger number of
antennas.
Cellular PCS
Frequency
824MHz-
894 MHz
1850
MHz-1990
MHz
Channel
spacing

30 KHz

200 KHz
Time slots
3 8
Dual band, Dual mode
Triband, Trimode
What is Dual band?
CDMA digital cellular (800 MHz) or CDMA digital PCS
(1900 MHz).
What is Triband?
GSM 900, 1800 and 1900 (MHz)
Dual Mode
AMPS and TDMA
Analog and digital
Trimode
Two digital (CDMA and TDMA) and analog
Two bands in digital and analog
WWAN (Wireless Wide Area Network)
AMPS
FDMA
IS-95
GSM
IS-136/
PDC
IS-95B
CDMA CDMA
cdma2000
CDMA
GPRS
EDGE
W-CDMA
TDMA
CDMA
TDMA
W-CDMA/
HSDPA
cdma2000
EV,DO,DV
TDMA TDMA
?
CDMA
CDMA
OFDM
1G 2G 2.5G 3G 3.5G 4G
Analog Digital
FDMA
CDMA
TDMA
OFDM
Voice 64~384K Packet ~2M Multimedia ~10M Multimedia ~100M Multimedia
Can be Implemented by Programmable DSP No fully programmable H/W solutions
NMT
TACT
FDMA
IDMA
The FUNDAMENTAL Issue:
Network Congestion
AT&T
MCI
SPRINT
Local
Exchange
Networks
Mobile
Switch
Wireless Priority Service addresses wireless congestion at
Government Emergency
Telecommunications Service addresses
wireline congestion
Local
Exchange
Networks
Mobile
Switch
Mobile
Switch
call origination and call termination
Congestion,
at one of many points, can block a call !
Key Resource
Spectrum:
802.11 operates in the unlicensed band (ISM
Industrial Scientific and Medical band) ~ 3
such bands
Cordless Telephony: 902 to 928 MHz
802.11b: 2.4 to 2.483 GHz
3
rd
ISM Band: 5.725 to 5.875 GHz
802.11a: 5.15 to 5.825 GHz

Data Rates and Range
802.11: 2Mbps (Proposed in 1997)

802.11b: 1, 2, 5.5 and 11 Mbps, 100mts.
range (product released in 1999, no product
for 1 or 2 Mbps)

802.11g: 54Mbps, 100mts. range (uses
OFDM; product expected in 2003)

802.11a: 6 to 54 Mbps, 50mts. range (uses
OFDM)
2G+ networks (contd.)
HSCSD one step towards 3G wideband mobile data
networks.
This circuit switched technology improves data rates up to
57.6 kbps.
GPRS packet based and designed to work in parallel with
2G GSM, PDC and TDMA technologies.

EDGE enhances the throughput per timeslot for both
HSCSD and GPRS. ECSD (max data rate 64 kbps and
EGPRS data rate per time slot triples to a staggering 384
kbps.


1 MB File
Modem Technology Throughput Download Speed
GSM/TDMA 2G Wireless <9.6 Kbps ~20 min
Analog Modem Fixed Line Dial-up 9.6 Kbps 16 min
GPRS 2.5G Wireless 30-40 Kbps 4.5 min
ISDN Fixed Line Digital 128 Kbps 1.1 min
CDMA 1x 2.75G Wireless 144 Kbps 50 sec
EDGE 2.75G Wireless 150 - 200 Kbps 36 to 47 sec
DSL Fixed Line DSL 0.7 - 1.5 Mbps 1 to 3 sec
W-CDMA 3G Wireless 1.0 Mbps 1.5 sec
Cable Fixed Line Cable 1.0 - 2.0 Mbps 0.8 to 1.5 sec
EDGE Cheaper and Gives
Near-3G Performance
EDGE is 2.75G, with significantly higher data rates than
GPRS
Deploying EDGE significantly cheaper than deploying W-
CDMA
Takeaway: Look for EDGE to gain traction in 2002/2003+
2G GSM CDMA TDMA
2.5G / 2.75G GPRS CDMA 1x GSM/GPRS/EDGE
Software/Hardware Software-based Hardware-based Hardware and software
Cost Incremental Substantial Middle of the road
3G
W-CDMA cdma2000 W-CDMA
Software/Hardware Hardware-based Software-based Hardware-based
Cost Substantial Incremental Middle of the road
Upgrade Cost, By Technology
CDMA upgrade to 2.75G is expensive; to 3G is cheap
GSM upgrade to 2.5G is cheap; to 3G is expensive
TDMA upgrade to 2.5G/3G is complex
Takeaway: AT&T and Cingular have a difficult road to 3G
3G CDMA Reported* Subscribers
(As of March 30, 2007)
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
55
60
65
70
75
80
85
Mar Apr May June July Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar
S
u
b
s
c
r
i
b
e
r
s

(
M
)
88.2 million
6.46 million
4.31 million
Source: www.3Gtoday.com
Worldwide CDMA Subscriber Evolution Forecast
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008
2G CDMA 3G CDMA 3G WCDMA
Future
(Millions)
Source: Strategy Analytics, April 2003 and www.3gtoday as of December 2003, CDG September 2003
3G CDMA is Well Established & Growing
Now in Use in Two Flavors: CDMA2000

and WCDMA
Over 800M Subscribers, 205 Operators, 74 Countries, 530 Handsets, 63 Vendors
September
>174M subs
Latest Trends and Driving Factors
High Intensity Multi-Media
Capabilities
More efficiency in multi-media
content delivery

Enhancements to support Quality
of Service

Efficient and flexible Packet based
Video Telephony
6500 5500
Push to See
Samsung SCH V310
Support for VoIP and Low-latency applications,
e.g., Gaming applications

Instant Multi Media (IMM)

Broadcast and Multicast services

High Speed Data on both Up and Down Links

2006 2005 2004 2003 2002 2001 2000 1999 1995 2006 2005 2004 2003 2002 2001 2000 1999 1995
In - Band Migration and
Designed for
In-Band Migration and
New Spectrum
3G CDMA
2G CDMA
3G CDMA Evolution
1.25 MHz
Voice & Data
2.5G CDMA
Rel. 4
HSDPA
Additional voice capacity doubling
- Terminal antenna diversity
Rel. 5
CDMA2000 1X
14.4 kbps data
Soft Handoff
Synchronous
Timing
64 kbps packet
data
Channel
Concatenation
Double voice capacity
Fast Fwd Power
Control
Coherent Uplink
153.6 kbps packet data
Turbo Codes
307 kbps
packet data

Simultaneous
voice and data
Dedicated & Optimized
For Packet Data
2.4 Mbps Peak Rates
All IP Architecture
Improvements
to data
services.
More flexible
data packet
scheduling.
64/384 kbps cs/packet data
Soft handoff
Asynchronous timing
Improvements
to data services
More flexible data
packet scheduling

cdmaOne
QoS,
Broadcast,
Personal
Media, IMM ,2x
1xEV-DV
Forward Link:
Peak Rate:
3.1 mbps
Reverse Link:
Peak Rate:
1.8 mbps
Fwd & Rev. Capacity Gains
Forward Link: Peak Rate 3.1 mbps
Reverse Link: Peak Rate 1.8 mbps
EUL
Rel. 6
Enhanced
Up-Link
IS - 95A IS-95B
1.25 MHz
Optimized for Data
IS-2000 Rel. 0 Rel. A Rel. B Rel. C Rel. D
Designed for
New Spectrum
5 MHz
Voice & Data
3GPP Rel. 99
CDMA2000 1xEV-DO
UMTS
(WCDMA)
IS-856, Rel. 0
Enhancements Rel. A

CDMA
GSM
TDMA
PHS
(IP-Based)
64 Kbps
GPRS
115 Kbps
CDMA 1xRTT
144 Kbps
EDGE
384 Kbps
cdma2000
1X-EV-DV
Over 2.4 Mbps
W-CDMA
(UMTS)
Up to 2 Mbps
2G
2.5G
2.75G
3G
1992 - 2000+
2001+
2003+
1G
1984 - 1996+
2003 - 2004+
TACS
NMT
AMPS
GSM/
GPRS
(Overlay)
115 Kbps
9.6 Kbps
9.6 Kbps
14.4 Kbps
/ 64 Kbps
9.6 Kbps
PDC
Analog Voice
Digital Voice
Packet Data
Intermediate
Multimedia
Multimedia
PHS

TD-SCDMA
2 Mbps?
9.6 Kbps
iDEN
(Overlay)
iDEN
Source: U.S. Bancorp Piper Jaffray
Migration To 3G
CDMA2000 Standards Status
IS-95A/B
1x
Release 0
1x/3x
Release A
1x/3x
Release B
1xEV-DO
Revision 0
1x
Revision C
(1xEV-DV FL)
Arrow denotes evolution
of standard, maintaining
backward compatibility
cdma2000 family
Done
Done Done Done Done
1x
Revision D
(1xEV-DV RL)
Done
1xEV-DO
Revision A
Publish Date: March 2006
Publish Date: March 2006
CDMA2000 Compatibility
CDMA2000 Revision C is fully backward compatible:
IS-95A or newer mobile stations can operate in a Revision
C cell
1xEV-DV capable mobiles can do data on older systems
Mobile Station
supporting
Revision C
Base
Station
supporting
Revision C
F-PDCH
Base
Station
supporting
Revision 0
F-SCH
Mobile Station
supporting
Revision C
Mobile Station
supporting
Revision C
F-PDCH
E
Key Factors to Better Performance
Capacity Improvement
Higher Data Rates and Finer Quantization
Data rates ranging from 4.8 kbps to 1.8 Mbps
Smoother rate transitions and interference variation
Improved code rates and higher order modulation for large
packets
QPSK modulation introduced
Data channel spreading uses either or both of 2-ary and 4-
ary Walsh code channel
Code rate 1/5 for all 16-slot packets
Hybrid ARQ with IR
Enables packet to early terminate in the presence of
channel variation and imperfect power control
Biggest Threat to Todays 3G
Wireless LANs
Faster than 3G
11 or 56 Mbps vs. <2 Mbps for 3G when stationary
Data experience matches the Internet
With the added convenience of mobile
Same user interface (doesnt rely on small screens)
Same programs, files, applications, Websites.
Low cost, low barriers to entry
Organizations can build own networks
Like the Internet, will grow virally
Opportunity for entrepreneurs!
Opportunity for wireless operators?
Critical For 3G
Continued Growth In China
CDMA IS-95 (2G) has been slow to launch in China
Why would the launch of 3G be any different?
PHS (2G) with China Telecom/Netcom is gaining
momentum
Likely 3G licensing
outcomes:
China Unicom
cdma2000
China Mobile W-
CDMA
China Telecom W-
CDMA/ TD-SCDMA?
China Netcom W-
CDMA/ TD-SCDMA?
Risk:
Mobile Standard Organizations
ARIB
(Japan)
T1
(USA)
ETSI
(Europe)
TTA
(Korea)
CWTS
(China)
TTC
(Japan)
TIA
(USA)
Third Generation
Patnership Project
(3GPP)
Third Generation
Partnership Project II
(3GPP2)
ITU
Mobile
Operators
ITU Members
IS-95), IS-41, IS-
2000, IS-835
GSM, W-CDMA,
UMTS
UWB Technology & Advantages
Doesnt need licensed dedicated spectrum
Low power consumption
Small semiconductor size
Ranging/location as a byproduct of
communications
Questions ?
Manoj Kr. Shukla
Assistant Professor
Dept. of Electronics Engineering
Harcourt Butler Technological Institute
Kanpur 208002
Email: manojs@hbti.ac.in, manojkrshukla@rediffmail.com