Calculating stress and strain

Resolve these forces

30 37
80
75
300KN
230KN
350KN
120KN
500mm
2
5
0
m
m

A
Outcomes - Objectives
Explain what tensile, compressive and shear
forces are
Explain direct and indirect stress and strain
Modulus of elasticity and how it is calculated.
What is a Factor of safety and its use.
Solve engineering problems relating to stress,
strain and modulus.

Tensile and Compressive Forces
Tensile

Material tends to be stretched

Compressive

Material tends to be reduced in length

Known as direct forces
Definitions for Direct Forces
Stress ( - Sigma) is the ratio of
an applied force F to the area A
over which it acts:
Strain ( - Epsilon) is the relative change
in the dimensions or shape of a body as the
result of an applied stress:
kN/mm
2
, N/mm
2
,

: =

: =

Ratio no units; Dimensionless

L
DL
A
A
F
L
dL
A
A
F
First find area of wire:
=

2
4
= 2.5
2
= 4.909
2
=

=
1200
4.909
= 244 /
2
=

=
0.3
2000
= 0.000150
Or - 150 x 10
-6
Q1. A metal wire 2 m long and 2.5 mm in diameter is
attached to the ceiling and a 1200 N weight is attached to the
end the wire extends 0.3mm. Determine the Stress and the
strain in the wire.
Stress Strain Curve

0
Stress Strain Curve

0
Youngs Modulus
: =

: =

: =

GN/m
2


AKA: Modulus of elasticity,
Tensile Modulus, Modulus
Remember:
GN/m
2
and kN/mm
2
are the same size unit

A beam experiences a tensile force of 20KN and
has a Youngs Modulus of Elasticity of 65GN/m
2

The cross section is 35mm by 7mm



Calculate the direct stress and strain in the beam.
Stress Strain Curve

0
The Elastic Limit
The elastic limit is the maximum stress a body can experience without becoming
permanently deformed.
W
W
2 m
If the stress exceeds the elastic limit, the final length will be longer than
the original 2 m it begins to deform.
Okay
Beyond limit
F
W
2 m
F
Stress
A

Stress Strain Curve

0
The Ultimate Strength
The ultimate strength is the greatest stress a body can experience without breaking
or rupturing.
If the stress exceeds the ultimate strength, the string breaks!
F
W
W
W
2 m
F
Stress
A

W
W
Stress Strain Curve

0
Ultimate Strength
A beam experiences a tensile force of 20KN and
has a Youngs Modulus of Elasticity of 65GN/m
2

The cross section is 35mm by 7mm



Calculate the direct stress and strain in the beam.

Tensile and Compressive Forces
Tensile

Material tends to be stretched

Compressive

Material tends to be reduced in length

Shear
Shear (Single)

Shear force is an
indirect force
Modulus of Ridgidity
: =

: =

=
: =

GN/m
2


AKA: Modulus of rigidity
Remember:
GN/m
2
and kN/mm
2
are the same size unit

A
F
F
l
d
A shearing stress alters only the shape of the body, leaving the volume
unchanged. For example, consider equal and opposite shearing forces F acting
on the cube below:
The shearing force F produces a shearing angle . The angle
is the strain and the stress is given by F/A as before.
Shear
Shear (Single)

8mm diameter rivet holds together two plates A shear
force of 120kN is applied.

Calculate the shear stress and strain

Modulus of rigidity of the rivet is 80 GN/m
2
120 kN

Shear
Shear (Single)


Shear (Double)

120kN
8mm diameter rivet holds together two plates A shear force of
120kN is applied.

Calculate the shear stress and strain

Modulus of rigidity of the rivet is 80 GN/m
2
Angled Joints
Two beams are joined together at an angle of 45degrees by a
bolt of diameter of 20mm
A force of 120KN is applied in tension.
Calculate the direct and shear stress in the bolt.
120kN
45
o

This is a ratio between the stress on an object
and the maximum tensile strength of the
object.

Calculate the FOS For the previous beam if the
Maximum shear strength was 450N/mm
2

Maximum direct strength was 650N/mm
2
A beam is secured by two bolts (diameter
15mm each) at an angle of 45degrees.

The beam experiences a force of 125KN.
The maximum shear strength is 400N/mm2
The maximum direct strength is 500N/mm2

Calculate the direct and shear factor of safety.
Linear Expansion
Objective: Use the coefficient of
linear expansion to calculate Force.
Coefficient of Linear Expansion
This equation used in the first unit to find the
expansion caused by an increase in
temperature.


Force caused by expansion.
When a metal component is heated it will
expand however if the component is held in
place a force is applied to the fixings.