- K.R.

VASISTHA
- 11EE01009
- 2
ND
YEAR
- SCHOOL OF ELECTRICAL SCIENCES
- IIT BHUBANESHWAR
UNDER THE SUPERVISION OF DR. C.N.BHENDE-
WHAT IS AN
OPERATING SYSTEM?
An operating system (OS) is a collection of software that
manages computer hardware resources and provides common
services for computer programs.

The operating system is a vital component of the system software in a
computer system.

Application programs require an operating system to function.

It manages all other programs on the machine.

It is present in almost any device that has computational capabilities.


Examples of popular, modern operating systems include
Android, BSD, iOS, Linux, Mac OS X, Microsoft Windows,
IBM z/OS.
TYPES OF OPERATING SYSTEMS


1. Single user - single task. Ex:- mobile OS

2. Multi user multi task. Ex:- Unix, Linux

3. Real time. Ex:-industrial systems,machinery

4. Single user multi tasking. Ex:- Windows

5. Distributed. Ex:- networked computers

6. Embedded. Ex:- Windows CE, Minix 3

Which OS to use?


Operating systems provide a software platform on top of which
other programs can run.

Application software is written to run on a specific OS, sometimes
even on specific hardware.

So, ones choice of OS depends on what type of programs he
wants to run.

Most common OSs are :- Windows, Mac OS X and Linux.
WHAT DOES AN OPERATING SYSTEM DO?
It performs basic tasks such as:

Recognising input from keyboard and mouse.

Sending output to the monitor.

keeping track of files and directories on the disk.

Controlling peripheral devices such as disk drives and printers.

Time-sharing operating systems schedule tasks for efficient use
of the system.

There are various functions that are needed to be performed by
an OS.









Functions of an operating system
1. Memory management
2. User interface
3. Security
4. Networking
5. Program execution and interruption
6.Multitasking
7. File directories and drivers storage and management
Components of an operating system
1. Networking
2. Security
3. Kernel
4. User Interface
Components of an operating system


Networking :-
Computers running different operating systems are able to share
resources using either wired or wireless connections.

Security :-
To verify the identity of a user, authentication is required which
demands authorisation. Operating systems provide security
through firewalls. Passwords and/or bio-metric/other data may be
required for verification of identity.
Kernel
A kernel connects the application software to the hardware of a
computer.
With the aid of the firmware and device drivers, the kernel
provides the most basic level of control over all of the
computer's hardware devices.

Program execution :-
Executing an application program involves a process by the
kernel which initiates execution of the application program which
then interacts with the user and with hardware devices.

Modes :-
CPUs have at least two modes: protected mode and supervisor
mode.


The use of virtual memory addressing
(such as paging or segmentation)
means that the kernel can choose what
memory each program may use at any
given time, allowing the operating
system to use the same memory
locations for multiple tasks.
Multitasking :-
Since most computers can do at most one or two things at one time,
this is generally done via time-sharing, which means that each
program uses a share of the computer's time to execute.
An operating system kernel contains a piece of software called
a scheduler which determines how much time each program will spend
executing, and in which order execution control should be passed to
programs.

Disk access and file systems :-
Access to data stored on disks is a central feature of all
operating systems. The specific way in which files are stored on
a disk is called a file system.
Partitioning of disk drives is key feature of modern OS.
A connected storage device can be accessed through a device driver.
Out of the in numerous files and
directories in a system, an OS keeps
the most used files/ directories as
temporary or cache files for ready
access thus reducing the time taken
for the process and exerting less
drain on system resources.
User interface
The U.I is not generally a part of an OS but runs in a separate
program called shell/grub.


The two most common forms are
Command line
interface
Commands are typed line
by line.
Graphical user
interface
Visual environment is
present.
What happens when we power on a
computer?
Bootstrap loader
The bootstrap loader is a small program that has a single
function: It loads the operating system into memory and allows it
to begin operation.

The bootstrap loader sets up the small driver programs that
interface with and control the various hardware.

It sets up the divisions of
memory
user information, and
applications.

It establishes the data structures needed to communicate within
and between the subsystems and applications of the computer.

Then it turns control of the computer over to the operating
system.