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Chapter 1: Internetworking
Instructor & Todd Lammle
Chapter 1 Objectives
• The CCNA Topics Covered in this chapter
include:
– Internetworking Basics
– Layered Models
– The OSI Model
– Ethernet Networking
– Data Encapsulation
– Cisco’s Three-Layer Model
– Chapter 1 Written Labs and Review
Questions
2
Internetworking Basics
How would you say the PC named Bob communicates
with the PC named Sally?
3
Internetworking Basics
Switches can replace the hub, breaking up collision domains.
Keep in mind that the hub used in the figure just extended the one
collision domain from the switch port.
4
Internetworking Basics
Here’s a list of some of the things that commonly cause
LAN traffic congestion:
•Broadcast storms
•Multicasting
•Low bandwidth
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Internetworking Basics
•Packet switching
•Packet filtering
•Internetwork communication
•Path selection
7
Internetworking Basics
Internetworking devices
8
Internetworking Basics
Switched networks creating an internetwork
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Layered Models
10
The OSI Model
• The OSI isn’t a physical model. Rather, it’s
a set of guidelines that application
developers can use to create and
implement applications that run on a
network.
• It also provides a framework for creating
and implementing networking standards,
devices, and internetworking schemes.
11
The OSI Model
The upper layers
12
The OSI Model
The lower layers
13
The OSI Model
The Layer Functions
14
The OSI Model
Connection-Oriented Communication
15
The OSI Model
Windowing
16
The OSI Model
Network Layer
Routing Table used in a router
17
The OSI Model
Router in an internetwork
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The OSI Model
Data Link Layer
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Binary Addressing
Binary to Decimal Memorization Chart
10000000 128
11000000 192
11100000 224
11110000 240
11111000 248
11111100 252
11111110 254
11111111 255
Conversion Example
BINARY 128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1 DECIMAL
10000100 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 132
11010010 1 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 210
10111000 1 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 184
10100110 1 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 166
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The OSI Model
A hub in an network
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The OSI Model
A Switch in an network
22
Ethernet Networking
• Ethernet is a contention media access method that
allows all hosts on a network to share the same
bandwidth of a link.
• Ethernet is popular because it’s readily scalable,
meaning that it’s comparatively easy to integrate
new technologies, such as Fast Ethernet and
Gigabit Ethernet, into an existing network
infrastructure.
• It’s also relatively simple to implement in the first
place, and with it, troubleshooting is reasonably
straightforward.
23
Ethernet Collision Detection
CSMA/CD
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Half and Full Duplex
Half-duplex Ethernet is defined in the original 802.3
Ethernet; Cisco says it uses only one wire pair with a
digital signal running in both directions on the wire.
26
Ethernet at the Physical Layer
The IEEE 802.3 and original Ethernet Physical layer
specifications.
27
Ethernet Cabling
Ethernet cabling is an important discussion, especially if you
are planning on taking the Cisco exams.
• Straight-through cable
• Crossover cable
• Rolled cable
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Straight Through
The straight-through cable is used to connect
• Host to switch or hub
• Router to switch or hub
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Crossover Cable
The crossover cable can be used to connect
• Switch to switch
• Hub to hub
• Host to host
• Hub to switch
• Router direct to host
30
Rolled Cable
Although rolled cable isn’t used to connect any Ethernet
connections together, you can use a rolled Ethernet cable to
connect a host to a router console serial communication (com)
port.
31
Using Hyper Terminal
Notice the settings for Hyper Terminal
32
What type of cable is used?
33
What type of cable is used for
each connection?
34
Data Encapsulation
35
PDU
36
Port Numbers
The Transport layer uses port numbers to define both the virtual
circuit and the upper-layer process.
37
Cisco’s Three-Layer Model
The following are the three layers and their typical functions:
• The core layer: backbone
• The distribution layer: routing
• The access layer: switching
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Review Question
Hub Hub
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Review Question
Switch Switch
A B C D E F
42