Urinary system

Division of histology and embryology

Components

 Kidneys

 Ureters

 Bladder

 urethra
Functions of kidneys
 Regulate the fluid and electrolyte
balance of body
 Remove waste products of
metabolism from body
 Function as endocrine organs:

Synthesize and secrete erythropoeitin , renin

Activate vitamin D
Kidney
Kidney structure
Renal column
capsule

Medullary ray
hilum
Renal medulla
(pyramid)
Renal pelvis
Major calyx
ureter Minor calyx

Renal cortex
Kidney (HE)

Renal cortex:

Cortical labyrinth

Medullary ray

Renal medulla
Renal cortex (HE)

 Cortical labyrinth

 Medullary ray
Kidney lobe and kidney lobule

 A kidney lobe:
A medullary pyramid and t
he associated cortical tissue

 A kidney lobule:

A medullary ray and th

e surrounding cortical l
abyrinth
 Kidney
 Covering membrane: Connective tissue capsule

 Parenchyma: Uriniferous tubules

 Interstitium: Connective tissue

Blood vessels,Lymph vessels
Nerves…
Uriniferous tubule
Renal corpuscle
(components)
Proximal
Nephron convoluted tubule

Renal Henle’s loop

Uriniferous tubule

tubule

Distal convoluted
tubule

Collecting tubule
Henle’s loop
Thick descending limb

Thin descending
limb
Henle’s loo Thin segment
p
Thin ascending
limb

Thick ascending limb

Cortical nephron and juxtamedullary nephron

Cortical nephron

Juxtamedullary nephron

Renal corpuscle
nephron
Renal tubule
Cortex (Cortical labyrinth)
Renal corpuscle

Vascular
pole
Glomerulus

Bowman’s capsul
e
Urinary
pole
Glomerulus (SEM)

Afferent arteriole
Effernt arteriole
Renal corpuscle (SEM)
Renal corpuscle (HE)
 Renal corpuscle

Glomerular capillary:
fenestrated capillary
Bowman’s capsule:
parietal layer
visceral layer
 Podocyte (SEM)

primary process

secondary process
(pedicel)

slit pore
filatration slit membr
ane
Mesangium (mesangial cell)

Function:

remove the particles and

clean the membrane

provide support of
the capillary wall
 Filtration barrier

1) Endothelium of the gl
omerular capillaries

Lamina rara interna

2) The basement membra
ne Lamina densa
Lamina rara externa

3) The filtration slit memb

rane
Filtration barrier
 Renal tubule

Distal convoluted tubule

Proximal convoluted tubule

Henle’s loop
Proximal convoluted tubule
 Proximal convoluted tubule

A simple cuboidal epithelium

Cell shape:
cuboidal cell with brush border
Nucleu:
small,round,located in the base
Cytoplasm:
strong acidophilic
Proximal convoluted tubule cell
ultrastructure

Microvilli
Canaliculi and vesicles
Membrane folds
Mitochondria
Natrium/kalium ATPase
Cell junction
Membrane interdigitation
Proximal convoluted tubule
Proximal convoluted tubule (SEM)
Proximal convoluted tubule

Functions:
Urine absorption
Water and electrolyte absorption
Amino acid,sugar and small protein absorption
Large protein absorption
Secrete Hydrogen ion, Ammonia, creatinine
Henle’s loop
Thick descending limb

Thin descending
limb
Henle’s loo Thin segment
p
Thin ascending
limb

Thick ascending limb

Thick descending limb
Thin segment

A simple squamous epithelium

Thick ascending limb
 Distal convoluted tubule
A simple cuboidal epithelium
Cell shape:
small cuboidal cell lacking
brush border
Nucleu:
small,round, located in medium
Cytoplasm:
less acidophilic
Distal convoluted tubule cell

ultrastructure

Few microvilli
Few canaliculi and vesicles
Few interdigitation
Extensive membrane folds
Numerous mitochondria
 Distal convoluted tubule

functions

Absorb Na and secrete K

Secrete Hydrogen and Ammonium into tubular urine

Hormone regulation
Aldosterone: increase the absorption of Na and water
increase the secretion of K
Antidiuretic hormone: increase the absorption of water
 Collecting tubule and duct

Arched collecting tubule

Cortical collecting tubule
Medullary collecting tubule
Papillary duct

A simple epithelium:
Squamous cuboidal columnar high columnar
Cortial collecting tubule
Papillary duct
Collecting tubule cell

ultrastructure

Few microvilli
Few organells
No interdigitation
No membrane fold
Collecting tubule

Function

Absorb Na and water

Secrete K

The activity is controlled by the aldosterone and ADH

Cortex (Cortical labyrinth)
medulla
Renal tubules
Juxtaglomerular complex

1. juxtaglomerular cell

2. Extraglomerular
mesangial cell

3. Macula densa
 Juxtaglomerular complex
Juxtaglomerular cell

Origin:
smooth muscle cell of
the afferent arteriole
Secretion:
renin (hormone)

Angiotensinogen angiotensinI angiotensinII

aldosterone
Juxtaglomerular complex

macula densa

Origin:
part of the distal tubule wall
Function:
sensitive to the Cl content
of tubular fluid
 Juxtaglomerular complex

Extraglomerular
mesangial cell
Blood supply of kidney
Renal artery

Interlobar arteries

Arcuate arteries

Interlobular arteries
Blood supply of kidney

interlobular artery

afferent arteriole

glomerulus

efferent arteriole
(cortical nephron)
efferent arteriole
↓
postglomerular capillary
↓
Interlobular vein

(juxtamedullary nephron)
efferent arteriole→ postglomerular capillary

straight arteriole Interlobular vein

straight venule
Blood supply of kidney
Renal artery

Interlobar arteries

Arcuate arteries

Interlobular arteries
Renal interstitium

Interstitial cell:
liver
Medullipin-Ⅰ Medullipin-Ⅱ

Blood pressure
Ureter

 Mucosa

 Muscular layer

 adventitia
 Ureter

mucosa
Epithelium:
transitional epithelium
Lamina propria:
connective tissue
Bladder
Bladder
Transitional epithelium