K0292001022011402301 Matrix

Matrix
Session 1
Course : K2092 - Linear Algebra
Year : December 2011
Definition
A matrix is a rectangular array of numbers. The
numbers in the array are called the entries in the matrix.
A general m x n matrix A as

The entry that occurs in row i and column j of matrix A
will be denoted a
ij
or (A)
ij
.

n m
mn m m
n
n
a a a
a a a
a a a
A
(
(
(
(
=
...

...
...
2 1
2 22 21
1 12 11

Bina Nusantara University
3
Example 1 Examples of matrices
Some examples of matrices

Size (order) of matrix is denoted by m x n, with
m number of rows and n number of its coloumn
Example: 3 x 2, 1 x 4, 3 x 3, 2 x 1, 1 x 1
| | | | 4 ,
3
1
,
0 0 0
1 0
2
, 3 - 0 1 2 ,
4 1
0 3
2 1
2
1
(
(
(
(
t
(
(
(
row matrix or row vector

column matrix or
column vector
entries
4
A matrix A with n rows and n columns is called a
square matrix of order n, and the shaded entries
are said to be on the main diagonal of
A.
nn
a a a , , ,
22 11

The preceding matrix can be written as

Matrices Notation and Terminology
| | | |
ij
n m
ij
a a or
(
(
(
(
nn n n
n
n
a a a
a a a
a a a
...

...
...
2 1
2 22 21
1 12 11

5
Definition
Two matrices are defined to be equal if they
have the same size and their corresponding
entries are equal.
| | | |
. and all for if only and if then
size, same the have and If
j i b a B A
b B a A
ij ij
ij ij
= =
= =
6
Example 2
Equality of Matrices
Consider the matrices

(
=
(
=
(
=
0 4 3
0 1 2
,
5 3
1 2
,
3
1 2
C B
x
A
If x = 5, then A = B.
For all other values of x, the matrices A and B are not
equal.
There is no value of x for which A = C , why??
7
Operations on Matrices
If A and B are matrices of the same size, then the sum
A+B is the matrix obtained by adding the entries of B
to the corresponding entries of A.
Vice versa, the difference A-B is the matrix obtained
by subtracting the entries of B from the corresponding
entries of A.
( )
( )
ij ij ij ij ij
ij ij ij ij ij
b a B A B A
b a B A B A
= =
+ = + = +
) ( ) (
) ( ) (
Note: Matrices of different sizes cannot be added or
subtracted.
8
Example 3
Addition and Subtraction

Then

The expressions A+C, B+C, A-C, and B-C are
undefined.
(
=
(
(
(
=
(
(
(
=
2 2
1 1
,
5 4 2 3
1 0 2 2
1 5 3 4
,
0 7 2 4
4 2 0 1
3 0 1 2
C B A
(
(
(

=
(
(
(
= +
5 11 4 1
5 2 2 3
2 5 2 6
,
5 3 0 7
3 2 2 1
4 5 4 2
B A B A
9
Scalar Multiplication
If A is any matrix and c is any scalar (a real or complex
number), then the product cA is the matrix obtained by
multiplying each entry of the matrix A by c. The matrix cA
is said to be the scalar multiple of A.
For the matrices

(

=
(

=
(
=
12 0 3
3 6 9
,
5 3 1
7 2 0
,
1 3 1
4 3 2
C B A
( )
(

=
(

=
(
=
4 0 1
1 2 3
,
5 3 1
7 2 0
1 - ,
2 6 2
8 6 4
2
3
1
C B A
We have
10
Matrix Multiplication (1/2)
Matrix multiplicationA is an m r matrix and B is an r
n matrix, then the product is AB is the m n matrix
whose entries are determined as follows.

the entry in row i and column j of AB, single out row i
from the matrix A and column j from the matrix B.
Multiply the corresponding entries from the row and
column together and then add up the resulting
products.

11
Matrix Multiplication (2/2)
To find the entry in row i and column j of AB, single out
row i from the matrix A and column j from the matrix B.
Multiply the corresponding entries from the row and
column together and then add up the resulting
products.
12
Example 4: Multiplying Matrices (1/2)

Solution
Since A is a 2 3 matrix and B is a 3 4 matrix, the product
AB is a 2 4 matrix. And:

13
Example 4: Multiplying Matrices (2/2)
14
Example 5
Determining Whether a Product Is Defined
Suppose that A ,B ,and C are matrices with the following
sizes, determining which product is defined.
A B C
3 4 4 7 7 3
Solution:
AB is defined and is a 3 7 matrix; BC is defined and
is a 4 3 matrix; and CA is defined and is a 7 4
matrix. The products AC ,CB ,and BA are all undefined.
15
Properties of Matrix Operations
For real numbers a and b ,we always have ab=ba, which
is called the commutative law for multiplication.
For matrices, AB and BA need not be equal.

Equality can fail to hold for three reasons:
The product AB is defined but BA is undefined.
AB and BA are both defined but have different sizes.
It is possible to have even if both AB and BA
are defined and have the same size.
BA AB=
16
Example 6:
AB and BA Need Not Be Equal
examples. counter giving for useful be may matrice two These
BA? to equal is AB Does ,
1 0
1 0
B and
0 0
1 1
A
(
=
(
=
17
Theorem
Properties of Matrix Arithmetic
Assuming that the sizes of the matrices are such that the indicated
operations can be performed, the following rules of matrix arithmetic are
valid:
18
Example 7
Associativity of Matrix Multiplication
19
Cancelation Law does not hold (1)
Recall that for any real numbers a,b,c
ab = ac and a 0 means b = c
This called cancelation law. However, this does not hold in
matrix multiplication.
Example:Consider

It can be verified that

altough B C

20
(
=
(
=
(
=
4 3
5 2
,
4 3
1 1
,
2 0
1 0
C B A
AC AB =
(
=
8 6
4 3
Transpose
If A is any mn matrix, then the transpose of
A ,denoted by ,is defined to be the nm matrix
that results from interchanging the rows and
columns of A ; that is, the first column of is
the first row of A ,the second column of is the
second row of A ,and so forth.
T
A
T
A
T
A
21
Example 8
Some Transposes (1/2)
22
Example 9
Some Transposes (2/2)
Observe that

In the special case where A is a square matrix, the
transpose of A can be obtained by interchanging entries
that are symmetrically positioned about the main diagonal.
ji ij
T
A A ) ( ) ( =
23
Trace
If A is a square matrix, then the trace of A ,denoted by tr(A), is
defined to be the sum of the entries on the main diagonal of A .The
trace of A is undefined if A is not a square matrix.
24
Zero Matrices
A matrix, all of whose entries are zero, such as

is called a zero matrix .

A zero matrix will be denoted by 0 ; if it is important to
emphasize the size, we shall write 0
mxn
for the mn zero
matrix. Moreover, in keeping with our convention of using
boldface symbols for matrices with one column, we will
denote a zero matrix with one column by 0 .
Zero matrix has roles as identity element of matrix
multiplication, similar with 0 as identity element of
multiplication in real numbers.
25
Theorem: Properties of Zero Matrices
Assuming that the sizes of the matrices are such that
the indicated operations can be performed ,the
following rules of matrix arithmetic are valid.
26
Cancelation Law Does Not Hold (2)
Recall that for any real numbers a and b
a0 = b0 means a = b
However, this does not hold in matrix multiplication.
Example:

It can be verified that

altough neither A nor D is zero matrix.
27
(
=
(
=
0 0
7 3
,
2 0
1 0
D A
(
=
0 0
0 0
AD
Identity Matrix
Square matrices with 1s on the main diagonal and 0s off
the main diagonal such as is called an identity matrix.
Identity matrix with size is denoted by I
n

Identity matrix takes role as identity element of matrix
multiplication, similar with 1 as identity elemnet of
multiplication on real number. That is, if defined, AI = A
and IA = A.
28
I 2 I 3 I 4
Recall : A = A and A = A , as A is an mn matrix
Example 10
Multiplication by an Identity Matrix
m
I
n
I
29
If A is a square matrix, and if a matrix B of the same size can be found
such that AB = BA = I , then A is said to be invertible and B is called
an inverse of A (B=A
-1
) . If no such matrix B can be found, then A is
said to be singular .
Invers of matrix
30
TRIANGULAR MATRIX
UPPER TRIANGULAR MATRIX
A square matrix with all elements BELOW its main
diagonal are zeros

a b c
A = 0 d e
0 0 f

LOWER TRIANGULAR MATRIX
A square matrix with all elements ABOVE its main
diagonal are zeros

Bina Nusantara
LOWER TRIANGULAR MATRIX
A square matrix with all elements ABOVE its main
diagonal are zeros

a 0 0
B = b c 0
d e f

Bina Nusantara
Exercise
If A =

find (AB + C)
t

33
(
=
(
(
(
=
(
2 0
0 2
,
0 1
1 0
0 1
,
1 1 1
1 2 1
C B
34

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