Fundamentals of Information

Systems, Second Edition

1
Specialized Business
Information Systems
Chapter 7
Fundamentals of Information
Systems, Second Edition
2
Principles and Learning Objectives
Artificial intelligence systems form a broad and diverse set of
systems that can replicate human decision making for certain
types of well-defined problems.

Define the term artificial intelligence and state the objective of
developing artificial intelligence systems.

List the characteristics of intelligent behavior and compare the
performance of natural and artificial intelligence systems for each of
these characteristics.

Identify the major components of the artificial intelligence field and
provide one example of each type of system.

Fundamentals of Information
Systems, Second Edition
3
Principles and Learning Objectives
Expert systems can enable a novice to perform
at the level of an expert but must be developed
and maintained very carefully.

List the characteristics and basic components of
expert systems.
Outline and briefly explain the steps for developing an
expert system.
Identify the benefits associated with the use of expert
systems.
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Systems, Second Edition
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Principles and Learning Objectives
Virtual reality systems have the potential to reshape the
interface between people and information technology by
offering new ways to communicate information
creatively.

Define the term virtual reality and provide three examples of
virtual reality applications.

Special-purpose systems can help organizations and
individuals achieve their goals.

Discuss examples of special-purpose systems for organizational
and individual use.

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Systems, Second Edition
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An Overview of Artificial
Intelligence
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The Nature of Intelligence
Learn from experience & apply the knowledge
Handle complex situations
Solve problems when important information is
missing
Determine what is important
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The Nature of Intelligence
React quickly and correctly to new situations
Understand visual images
Process and manipulate symbols
Be creative and imaginative
Use heuristics
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A comparison of Natural and Artificial
Intelligence
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A Conceptual Model of Artificial
Intelligence
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Overview of Expert
Systems
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Characteristics of an Expert System
Can explain their reasoning or suggested decisions
Can display intelligent behavior
Can draw conclusions from complex relationships
Can provide portable knowledge
Can deal with uncertainty
Not widely used or tested

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Characteristics of an Expert System
Limited to relatively narrow problems
Cannot readily deal with mixed knowledge
Possibility of error
Cannot refine its own knowledge
May have high development costs
Raise legal and ethical concerns
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When to Use Expert Systems
High payoff
Preserve scarce expertise
Distribute expertise
Provide more consistency than humans
Faster solutions than humans
Training expertise
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Components of an Expert System
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The Relationships Among Data,
Information, and Knowledge
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Rules for a Credit Application
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The Knowledge Acquisition Facility
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Knowledge Base
Assembling human experts
The use of fuzzy logic
The use of rules
The use of cases

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Inference Engine
Backward chaining
Forward chaining
Comparison of backward and forward chaining

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Expert Systems Development
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Participants in Developing and Using
Expert Systems
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Domain Expert
Recognize the real problem
Develop a general framework for problem solving
Formulate theories about the situation
Develop and use general rules to solve a problem
Know when to break the rules or general principles
Solve problems quickly and efficiently
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Expert Systems Development
Alternatives
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Applications of Expert System and
Artificial Intelligence
Credit granting and loan analysis
Stock Picking
Catching cheats and terrorists
Budgeting


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Applications of Expert System and
Artificial Intelligence
Information management and retrieval
Games
Virus detection
Hospitals and medical facilities


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Virtual Reality
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Virtual Reality
Enables one or more users to move and react in a
computer-simulated environment

Immersive virtual reality - user becomes fully
immersed in an artificial, three-dimensional world that is
completely generated by a computer

Virtual reality system - enables one or more users to
move and react in a computer-simulated environment

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Interface Devices
Head mounted display (HMD)
Binocular Omni-Orientation Monitor (BOOM)
CAVE
Haptic interface
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The BOOM, a Head-Coupled Display
Device
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Viewing the Detroit Midfield Terminal in an Immersive
CAVE System
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Useful Applications
Medicine used to link stroke patients to
physical therapists

Education and training used by military for
aircraft maintenance

Entertainment
Star Wars Episode II: Attack of the Clones

Real Estate Marketing and Tourism
Used to increase real estate sales
Virtual reality tour of the White House
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Other Specialized Systems
Segway Personal Transporter
Adaptive brain interface technology
Personal awareness assistant (PAA)


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Segway
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Summary
Artificial intelligence - used to describe computers with ability to
mimic or duplicate functions of the human brain

Intelligent behavior - includes the ability to learn from experience

Expert systems - can explain their reasoning (or suggested
decisions) and display intelligent behavior

Virtual reality system - enables one or more users to move and
react in a computer-simulated environment

Special-purpose systems - assist organizations and individuals in
new and exciting ways