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Data Converters Data Converter Basics Professor Y. Chiu

EECT 7327 Fall 2012
Data Converter Basics
A/D and D/A Conversion
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Data Converters Data Converter Basics Professor Y. Chiu
EECT 7327 Fall 2012
S/H
Analog
in
Digital
out
Quantization
DSP
AAF
S/H
Analog
out
Digital
in
D/A
DSP
Smoothing
filter
A/D Conversion
D/A Conversion
Quantization
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Data Converters Data Converter Basics Professor Y. Chiu
EECT 7327 Fall 2012
(

(

N
in
out
FS
V
Division: D = 2
V
Quantization = division + normalization + truncation
Full-scale range (V
FS
) is determined by V
ref

A/D
b
n
Digital output Analog input
b
1
.
.
.
V
ref
Quantization Error
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Data Converters Data Converter Basics Professor Y. Chiu
EECT 7327 Fall 2012
| |
|
\ .
FS
out in out in
N
V
=D - V =D - V
2
FS
N
V
= =LSB
2
| |
e
in FS
V 0, V
s s

-
2 2
D
out
0
V
in
2 3
1
3
5
0
2
4
6
7
V
FS
2
- -2 -3
V
FS
2
Random quantization error
is usually regarded as noise

V
in
0
-/2
/2
2 3 0 - -2 -3
N = 3
Quantization Noise
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Data Converters Data Converter Basics Professor Y. Chiu
EECT 7327 Fall 2012

V
in
2 3
0
4 5 6 7
-/2
/2
V
FS

}
/2 2
2 2

-/2
1
= d =
12
P

0 -/2 /2

1/
Assumptions:
N is large
0 V
in
V
FS
and V
in
>>
V
in
is active
is Uniformly distributed
Spectrum of is white
Ref: W. R. Bennett, Spectra of quantized signals, Bell Syst. Tech. J., vol. 27, pp. 446-
472, July 1948.
Signal-to-Quantization Noise Ratio (SQNR)
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Data Converters Data Converter Basics Professor Y. Chiu
EECT 7327 Fall 2012
( )

2
N
2
2N FS
2 2

2 / 8
V / 8
SQNR= = =1.5 2 ,

12
Assume V
in
is sinusoidal with V
p-p
= V
FS
,
SQNR=6.02 N+1.76 dB
N
(bits)
SQNR
(dB)
8 49.9
10 62.0
12 74.0
14 86.0
SQNR depicts the theoretical performance of an ideal ADC
In reality, ADC performance is limited by many other factors:
Electronic noise (thermal, 1/f, coupling/substrate, etc.)
Distortion (measured by THD, SFDR, IM3, etc.)
FFT Spectrum of Quantized Signal
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Data Converters Data Converter Basics Professor Y. Chiu
EECT 7327 Fall 2012
N = 10 bits
8192 samples, only
f = [0, f
s
/2] shown
Normalized to V
in

f
s
= 8192, f
in
= 779
f
in
and f
s
must be
incommensurate
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000
-120
-100
-80
-60
-40
-20
0
PSD
Frequency
d
B
SQNR-1.76 dB
ENOB=
6.02 dB
SQNR = 61.93 dB
ENOB = 9.995 bits
Ref: W. R. Bennett, Spectra of quantized signals, Bell Syst. Tech. J., vol. 27, pp. 446-
472, July 1948.
Commensurate f
s
and f
in

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Data Converters Data Converter Basics Professor Y. Chiu
EECT 7327 Fall 2012
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000
-120
-100
-80
-60
-40
-20
0
PSD
Frequency
d
B
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000
-120
-100
-80
-60
-40
-20
0
PSD
Frequency
d
B
f
s
= 8192
f
in
= 256
f
s
= 8192
f
in
= 2048
Periodic sampling points result in periodic quantization errors
Periodic quantization errors result in harmonic distortion
Spectrum Leakage
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Data Converters Data Converter Basics Professor Y. Chiu
EECT 7327 Fall 2012
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000
-120
-100
-80
-60
-40
-20
0
PSD
Frequency
d
B
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000
-120
-100
-80
-60
-40
-20
0
PSD
Frequency
d
B
f
s
= 8192
f
in
= 779.3
f
s
= 8192
f
in
= 779.3
TD samples must include integer number of cycles of input signal
Windowing can be applied to eliminate spectrum leakage
Trade-off b/t main-lobe width and sideband rejection for different windows
w/
Blackman
window
FFT Spectrum with Distortion
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Data Converters Data Converter Basics Professor Y. Chiu
EECT 7327 Fall 2012
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000
-120
-100
-80
-60
-40
-20
0
PSD
Frequency
d
B
High-order harmonics are aliased back, visible in [0, f
s
/2] band
E.g., HD3 @ 779x3+1=2338, HD9 @ 8192-9x779+1=1182
HD3
HD9
Dynamic Performance
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Data Converters Data Converter Basics Professor Y. Chiu
EECT 7327 Fall 2012
SNDR
[dB]
V
in
[dB]
0 V
FS
Overload
Peak SNDR limited by large-signal distortion of the converter
Dynamic range implies the theoretical SNR of the converter
| |
| |
|
\ .

2
in
10
2 2
N
in
SNR
V / 2
=10LOG
/ 12+
V dB
Peak
SNDR
Dynamic
range
Circuit
noise
Dynamic Performance Metrics
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Data Converters Data Converter Basics Professor Y. Chiu
EECT 7327 Fall 2012
Signal-to-noise ratio (SNR)
Total harmonic distortion (THD)
Signal-to-noise and distortion ratio (SNDR or SINAD)
Spurious-free dynamic range (SFDR)
Two-tone intermodulation product (IM3)
Aperture uncertainty (related to the frontend S/H and clock)

Dynamic range (DR) misleading (avoid it if possible!)
Idle channel noise or pattern noise in oversampled converters
Evaluating Dynamic Performance
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Data Converters Data Converter Basics Professor Y. Chiu
EECT 7327 Fall 2012
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000
-120
-100
-80
-60
-40
-20
0
PSD
Frequency
d
B
Signal-to-noise
plus distortion ratio
(SNDR)
Total harmonic
distortion (THD)
Spurious-free
dynamic range
(SFDR)
SNDR = 59.16 dB
THD = 63.09 dB
SFDR = 64.02 dB
ENOB = 9.535 bits
HD3
HD9
SNDR-1.76 dB
ENOB=
6.02 dB
Static Performance Metrics
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Data Converters Data Converter Basics Professor Y. Chiu
EECT 7327 Fall 2012
Offset (OS)
Gain error (GE)
Monotonicity
Linearity
Differential nonlinearity (DNL)
Integral nonlinearity (INL)
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Data Converters Data Converter Basics Professor Y. Chiu
EECT 7327 Fall 2012
Static Performance
of DAC
DAC Transfer Characteristic
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Data Converters Data Converter Basics Professor Y. Chiu
EECT 7327 Fall 2012
Note: V
out
(b
i
= 1, for all i) = V
FS
- = V
FS
(1-2
-N
) V
FS


N N
N-i
i
out FS i
i
i=1 i=1
b
V = V = b 2
2
D/A
b
n
Digital input
V
out
Analog output
b
1
.
.
.
V
ref
N = # of bits
V
FS
= Full-scale input
= V
FS
/2
N
= 1LSB
b
i
= 0 or 1
Multiplication
Ideal DAC Transfer Curve
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Data Converters Data Converter Basics Professor Y. Chiu
EECT 7327 Fall 2012
V
out
000
D
in
001 011 101 010 100 110 111
V
FS
-
V
FS
2
Offset
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Data Converters Data Converter Basics Professor Y. Chiu
EECT 7327 Fall 2012
V
out
000
D
in
001 011 101 010 100 110 111
V
FS
2
V
FS
-
V
os
Gain Error
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Data Converters Data Converter Basics Professor Y. Chiu
EECT 7327 Fall 2012
V
out
000
D
in
001 011 101 010 100 110 111
V
FS
2
V
FS
-
Monotonicity
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Data Converters Data Converter Basics Professor Y. Chiu
EECT 7327 Fall 2012
V
out
000
D
in
001 011 101 010 100 110 111
V
FS
2
V
FS
-
Differential and Integral Nonlinearities
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Data Converters Data Converter Basics Professor Y. Chiu
EECT 7327 Fall 2012
DNL = deviation of an output step from 1 LSB (= = V
FS
/2
N
)
INL = deviation of the output from the ideal transfer curve
DNL < -1 ?
V
out
000
D
in
001 011 101 010 100 110 111
V
FS
2
INL
V
FS
-
th
i
i Step Size-
DNL =

DNL and INL

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Data Converters Data Converter Basics Professor Y. Chiu
EECT 7327 Fall 2012
V
out
000
D
in
001 011 101 010 100 110 111
V
FS
2
V
FS
-

i
i j
j=0
INL = DNL
INL = cumulative sum of DNL
DNL and INL
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Data Converters Data Converter Basics Professor Y. Chiu
EECT 7327 Fall 2012
DNL measures the uniformity of quantization steps, or incremental (local)
nonlinearity; small input signals are sensitive to DNL.
INL measures the overall, or cumulative (global) nonlinearity; large input
signals are often sensitive to both INL (HD) and DNL (QE).
V
out
000
D
in
001 011 101 010 100 110 111
V
FS
2
V
FS
-
V
out
000
D
in
001 011 101 010 100 110 111
V
FS
2
V
FS
-
Smooth Noisy
Measure DNL and INL (Method I)
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Data Converters Data Converter Basics Professor Y. Chiu
EECT 7327 Fall 2012
V
out
000
D
in
001 011 101 010 100 110 111
V
FS
2
V
FS
-
Endpoints of the transfer characteristic are always at 0 and V
FS
-
Endpoint
stretch
Measure DNL and INL (Method II)
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Data Converters Data Converter Basics Professor Y. Chiu
EECT 7327 Fall 2012
V
out
000
D
in
001 011 101 010 100 110 111
V
FS
2
V
FS
-
Least-square
fit and stretch
(detrend)
Endpoints of the transfer characteristic may not be at 0 and V
FS
-
Measure DNL and INL
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Data Converters Data Converter Basics Professor Y. Chiu
EECT 7327 Fall 2012
Method I (endpoint stretch)

(INL) 0
Method II (LS fit & stretch)

(INL) = 0
V
out
000
D
in
001 011 101 010 100 110 111
V
FS
2
V
FS
-
V
out
000
D
in
001 011 101 010 100 110 111
V
FS
2
V
FS
-
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Data Converters Data Converter Basics Professor Y. Chiu
EECT 7327 Fall 2012
Static Performance
of ADC
Ideal ADC Transfer Characteristic
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Data Converters Data Converter Basics Professor Y. Chiu
EECT 7327 Fall 2012
D
out
000 V
in
001
011
101
010
100
110
111
V
FS
V
FS
/2 0
Note the systematic offset! (floor, ceiling, and round)
DNL and Missing Code
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Data Converters Data Converter Basics Professor Y. Chiu
EECT 7327 Fall 2012
D
out
000 V
in
001
011
101
010
100
110
111
V
FS
V
FS
/2 0
DNL = deviation of an input step width from 1 LSB (= V
FS
/2
N
= )
DNL = ?
Can DNL < -1?
th
i
i Step Size-
DNL =

DNL and Nonmonotonicity

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Data Converters Data Converter Basics Professor Y. Chiu
EECT 7327 Fall 2012
D
out
000 V
in
001
011
101
010
100
110
111
V
FS
V
FS
/2 0
DNL = deviation of an input step width from 1 LSB (= V
FS
/2
N
= )
DNL = ?
How can we even
measure this?
INL
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Data Converters Data Converter Basics Professor Y. Chiu
EECT 7327 Fall 2012
D
out
000 V
in
001
011
101
010
100
110
111
V
FS
V
FS
/2 0
INL = deviation of the step midpoint from the ideal step midpoint
(method I and II )
Any code
Missing?
Nonmonotonic?
10-bit ADC Example
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Data Converters Data Converter Basics Professor Y. Chiu
EECT 7327 Fall 2012
0 200 400 600 800 1000
-2
-1
0
1
2
DNL
L
S
B
0 200 400 600 800 1000
-2
-1
0
1
2
INL
Code
L
S
B
1024 codes
No missing code!
Plotted against
the digital code,
not V
in

Code density test
(CDT)
DNL must always be greater or equal to -1 LSB!
Code Density Test
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Data Converters Data Converter Basics Professor Y. Chiu
EECT 7327 Fall 2012
C
o
u
n
t
000
V
in
001 011 101 010 100 110 111
V
FS
0
Uniformly distributed 0 V
in
V
FS

n
Ball casting problem: # of balls collected by each bin (n
i
) is proportional to
the bin size (converter step size)
~
th
i i
i
i
n - n
i Step Size-
DNL =
n
C
o
u
n
t
000
V
in
001 011 101 010 100 110 111
V
FS
0
Uniformly distributed 0 V
in
V
FS
>
n
i
CDT and Nonmonotonicity
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Data Converters Data Converter Basics Professor Y. Chiu
EECT 7327 Fall 2012
Two transition steps for one code?! How to plot INL/DNL?
CDT can be misleading in determining the static nonlinearity
D
out
000 V
in
001
011
101
010
100
110
111
V
FS
V
FS
/2 0
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Data Converters Data Converter Basics Professor Y. Chiu
EECT 7327 Fall 2012
Nyquist-Rate ADC
Nyquist-Rate ADC
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Data Converters Data Converter Basics Professor Y. Chiu
EECT 7327 Fall 2012
Digitizes input signal up to Nyquist frequency (f
N
=f
s
/2)
Minimum sample rate (f
s
) for a given input bandwidth
Each sample is digitized to the maximum resolution of converter
Often referred to as the black box version of digitization
A/D
b
n
Digital output Analog input
b
1
.
.
.
V
ref
f
s
Nyquist-Rate ADC (N-Bit, Binary)
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Data Converters Data Converter Basics Professor Y. Chiu
EECT 7327 Fall 2012
Word-at-a-time (1 step)

fast
Flash
Level-at-a-time (2
N
steps) slowest
Integrating (Serial)
Bit-at-a-time (N steps) slow
Successive approximation
Algorithmic (Cyclic)
Partial word-at-a-time (1 < M N steps) medium
Subranging
Pipeline
Others (1 M N step)
Folding relatively fast
Interleaving (of flash, pipeline, or SA) fastest

the number in the parentheses is the latency of conversion, not throughput

Accuracy-Speed Tradeoff
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Data Converters Data Converter Basics Professor Y. Chiu
EECT 7327 Fall 2012
0
Resolution
[Bits]
5
10
15
20
1k 10k 100k 1M 10M 100M 1G 10G
Sample Rate [Hz]
Nyquist
Oversampling
Integrating
Oversampling
Successive Approximation
Algorithmic
Subranging
Pipeline
Folding & Interpolating
Flash
Interleaving
1 level/T
clk
1 word/OSR*T
clk
1 bit/T
clk
Partial word/T
clk
1 word/T
clk
100G
Building Blocks for Data Converters
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Data Converters Data Converter Basics Professor Y. Chiu
EECT 7327 Fall 2012
Sample-and-Hold (Track-and-Hold) Amplifier
Switched-Capacitor Amplifiers, Integrators, and Filters
Operational Amplifier
Comparators (Preamplifier and Latch)
Voltage and Current DACs
Current Sources
Voltage/Current/Bandgap References