SENSORS

Krishna shah
Prabin Bhandari
Subash gautam
Suresh Bhandari

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What are Sensors?
Device that detects and responds to some type of input from the physical
environment.

The specific input could be light, heat, motion, moisture, pressure, etc.

converter that measures a physical quantity
converts it into a signal
can be read by an observer or by an instrument.

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Detection phenomenon
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Need of sensor
Sensors are omnipresent. They embedded in our bodies, automobiles,
airplanes, cellular telephones, radios, chemical plants, industrial plants and
countless other applications.

Without the use of sensors, there would be no automation !!
Imagine having to manually filling Coca-Cola bottles

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Choosing a sensor
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Environmental factors Economic factors Sensor characteristics

Temperature range
Humidity effects
Corrosion
Size
Over range protection
Ruggedness
Power consumption
Self-test capability

Cost
Availability
Lifetime

Sensitivity
Range
Stability
Repeatability
Linearity
Error
Response time

types
Temperature
Optical
Position
Chemical
Magnetic
Ultrasonic



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Temperature Sensor
Bimetallic Strip
expansion of metals when they are heated

Advantage : portability and independence
from a power supply

Application
Thermostat (makes or breaks electrical
connection with deflection)
Metal A
Metal B

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Temperature Sensor
Resistance temperature device(RTD)
Electrical
Resistance change with temperature
Thermistor
Nonlinear semiconductor device
Temp(increase), resistance(decrease)(PTC)
Temp(decrease), resistance(increase)(NTC)




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Temperature sensors( IC based)
Produce output current proportional to absolute temperature
low thermal mass and a fast response time
Uses
On circuit board
Telecommunication(cell phone)
Laptops, computers
LM35(Texas instruments), LM75/LM76(National Semiconductor),
MAX6625/MAX662(maxim)




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Breathalyzer
Device for estimating blood alcohol content(BAC) from a breath sample.
Chemistry
The overall reaction is the oxidation of ethanol to acetic acid and water.
CH
3
CH
2
OH(l) + O
2
(g) CH
3
COOH(l) + H
2
O(l)

The electrical current produced by this reaction is measured by a microprocessor,
and displayed as an approximation of overall blood alcohol content (BAC)
by the alcohol sensor.


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Direct Piezoelectric Effect
Piezoelectric Material will generate electric
potential when subjected to some kind of
mechanical stress.

The direct Effect : Generator

Compression
Effect: Decrease in volume
and it has a voltage with the
same polarity as the material


Tension
Effect: Increase in volume
and it has a voltage with
opposite polarity as the
material

F
F
Inverse Piezoelectric Effect

If the piezoelectric material is exposed to an electric field (voltage) it
consequently lengthens or shortens proportional to the voltage.

The Inverse Piezoelectric Effect
If the applied voltage has
the same polarity then the
material expands.



If the applied voltage has
the opposite polarity then
the material contracts.
The History of Piezo
The name Piezo originates from the Greek
word piezein, which means to squeeze or
press.
The piezoelectric effect was first proven in
1880 by the brothers Pierre and Jacques
Curie.



Piezoelectric sensor
Device that uses the piezoelectric effect, to measure changes
in pressure, acceleration, strin or force by converting them to
an electrical charge.
Sonar with Ultrasonic time-domain
reflectometers
Compact sensitive microphones and
Loudspeakers
Electric igniters and cigarette lighters
Quartz crystals resonators as frequency
stabilizers for oscillators in all computers.
Traveling-wave motors used for auto-focus
Electronic Stethoscope Piezoelectric
lm used as a contact microphone to
receive heartbeat and breathing sounds
Heart Monitor Patch Piezoelectric lm
vibration sensor monitors heart rhythms
and signals 911 call through telemetry for
emergency care
Applications
Ultrasonic Sensor
Ultrasonic sensors are used for position
measurements
Sound waves emitted are in the range of 2-
13 MHz
Sound Navigation And Ranging (SONAR)
Radio Dection And Ranging (RADAR)
ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES !!
15 - 20
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Magnetic Field Sensor
Magnetic Field sensors are used for power
steering, security, and current
measurements on transmission lines

Hall voltage is proportional to magnetic
field

x x x x x x
x x x x x x
x x x x x x
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
I (protons) +
V
H
-
B
t q n
B I
V
H

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Light Sensor
Light sensors are used in cameras, infrared
detectors, and ambient lighting
applications

Sensor is composed of photoconductor
such as a photoresistor, photodiode, or
phototransistor
p n
I
+ V -
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Photogate
Photogates are used in counting
applications (e.g. finding period of
period motion)

Infrared transmitter and receiver at
opposite ends of the sensor

Time at which light is broken is recorded
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Accelerometer
Accelerometers are used to measure along one
axis and is insensitive to orthogonal directions

Applications
Vibrations, blasts, impacts, shock waves
Air bags, washing machines, heart monitors,
car alarms

Mathematical Description is beyond the scope
of this presentation
Vibrating Base
m
k
b
Position Sensor
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CO
2
Gas Sensor
CO
2
sensor measures gaseous
CO
2
levels in an environment

Measures CO
2
levels in the
range of 0-5000 ppm

Monitors how much infrared
radiation is absorbed by CO
2

molecules
Infrared Source IR Detector
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Thank you!!!

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