BITS Pilani, Hyderabad Campus

-What is noise?
- Noise means any unwanted sound, that disturb people or make it
difficult to hear wanted sounds.
-History
-The idea of active noise control was actually conceived in the 1930's.
-Active noise control was invented by Paul Lueg in Germany in 1932.
-Development was done in the 1950's.
-However, it was not until the advent of modern digital computers that
active control became truly practical.
-Active control became a "mainstream" research topic in the 1970's
and 1980's.
-In recent years, researchers have
published technical articles at the rate of
several hundred per year.

Introduction
BITS Pilani, Hyderabad Campus
-There are two types of sounds:
-High frequency
-low frequency
-There are several proprietary acoustic tiles, foams and
heavy drapes that can effectively soak up frequencies
above 300Hz.
-The relevance in the treatment of low-frequency sounds is
that they produce fatigue and loss of concentration, thus
affecting the people performance, machinery and
equipment present.

Need for noise cancellation
BITS Pilani, Hyderabad Campus
-That is because low-frequency sounds produce very
intense vibrations that can fracture structures during very
long periods of exposure.
-There are two basic approaches for active noise control:
1.Active noise cancellation (ANC)
2. Active structural-acoustic control (ASAC).

BITS Pilani, Hyderabad Campus
-Since the characteristics of the acoustic noise source and
the environment are time varying, an ANC system must
therefore be adaptive in order to cope with these
variations.
-Adaptive filters adjust their coefficients to minimize an
error signal .
-There are many adaptive algorithms available in literature,
the most popular ones being LMS (least mean-square)
and RLS (Recursive least squares) algorithms.
- In the interest of computational time and mathematical
complexity , LMS is generally used.

Adaptive filters
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The LMS Algorithm consists of two basic processes
Filtering process
Calculate the output of FIR filter by convolving input and taps
Calculate estimation error by comparing the output to desired
signal
Adaptation process
Adjust tap weights based on the estimation error.

The basic equation for the LMS algorithm is:
w(n+1)=w(n) + u*w(n)*e(n)*
where: u=step size.
w(n)=filter coefficients at
time n.
e(n)=error at time n.


Least mean square algorithm
BITS Pilani, Hyderabad Campus
BITS Pilani, Hyderabad Campus
-The feed-forward ANC systems discussed earlier use two
sensors: a reference sensor and an error sensor. The
reference sensor measures the primary noise to be cancelled
while the error sensor monitors the performance of the ANC
system.
-The adaptive feedback ANC system uses only an error sensor
and cancels only the predictable noise components of the
primary noise.
-A combination of the feed-forward and feedback control
structures is called a hybrid ANC system. The advantages of
Hybrid ANC are it combines the nice features of feed forward
and feedback systems, use lower order filters and relatively
more stable than feedback ANC.
-But it suffers a high computational complexity.

Hybrid ANC
BITS Pilani, Hyderabad Campus
ANC
BITS Pilani, Hyderabad Campus