Lecture - 04 Bolted Connections

N-W.F.P.
University of Engineering and

Technology Peshawar
CE-409: Lecture 04 Prof. Dr. Akhtar Naeem Khan 1
By: Prof Dr. Akhtar Naeem Khan
chairciv@nwfpuet.edu.pk
Lecture 04: Bolted Connections
CE-409: Lecture 04 Prof. Dr Akhtar Naeem Khan 2
Topics to be Addressed
Types of connectors
Tightening procedures
Behavior of Bolted & Riveted connections
Types of Bolted connections
Types of connection failures
Code Requirements
Design Examples


Components which make up the
complete structure are fastened together
by means of:

1. RIVETS (older version)
2. BOLTS (newer version)
3. WELDS
Types of Connectors
1. Rivets:
They are made from rivet bar stock in a
machine which forms one head and shears the
rivet to desired length.
Steel rivets are always heated before driving
Most rivets are driven by pressure-type riveters
which complete riveting in one stroke.
Types of Connectors
Typical Round Head Rivet
CE-409: Lecture 04 Prof. Dr Akhtar Naeem Khan

Rivets are generally made from steel
conforming to ASTM A502 and comes in 2
grades:
i. Grade 1(carbon steel)
ii. Grade 2 (carbon-manganese steel)
1. Rivets:
Types of Connectors
5
CE-409: Lecture 04 Prof. Dr. Akhtar Naeem Khan
Countersunk Rivet
Round Head Rivet
1. Rivets:
Types of Connectors
6
1. Rivets:
Types of Connectors
7
Rivet Heating Oven Rivet Heater
Types of Connectors
1. Rivets: Riveting processes
Earlier Riveting Gun
Modern Riveting Gun
Types of Connectors
1. Rivets: Riveting processes
In riveted connections magnitude of
clamping is function of length of rivet
and magnitude of shrinkage after the
head is formed.
Magnitude of slip depends on the extent
to which rivet fills the hole.
Types of Connectors
1. Rivets: Characteristics of riveted connections
10

Riveting required a crew of 4 to 5
experienced riveters
Bolt installation is less labor intensive
Riveting is time consuming operation
requiring preheating, driving and finishing
Types of Connectors
1. Rivets: Causes of rivet obsolescence
11

Rivet strength is low compared to high
strength bolts
High strength bolts are now economical
Riveting is still used in some industries and
applications such as aircraft industry
Types of Connectors
1. Rivets: Causes of rivet obsolescence
12
a) Unfinished (A307)
A307 is known by names unfinished, rough,
common, ordinary and machine.
They are made of low carbon steel having
tensile strength of 60Ksi.
Types of Connectors
2. Bolts: Two common types of bolts are:
b) High strength bolt (A325,A449,A490).
A325 is made of medium carbon steel whose
tensile strength decreases with increase in dia.
High strength bolts can be tightened to large
tensions.
Types of Connections
2. Bolts: Two common types of bolts are:
Types of Connections
2. Bolts:
Typical High Strength Bolt
Research Council on Structural
Connections (RCSC) prescribes four
tightening procedures.
1. Turn of the nut method
2. Calibrated-wrench tightening
3. Installation of alternate design bolts
4. Direct-tension-indicator tightening
Torque Wrench
17
Positive Tension Shear Bolt
Bolt Installation Procedure
18
Direct Tension Indicating Washers
19
T = Tensile Force on
Connection
= Joint Displacement

T T
Behavior of Bolted & Riveted
connections
20
In riveted connections magnitude of
clamping is function of length of rivet
and magnitude of shrinkage after the
head is formed.
Magnitude of slip depends on the extent
to which rivet fills the hole.
Behavior of Bolted & Riveted
connections
1. Slip-Critical connections
Connection transmits the force by friction
produced between the faying surfaces by
the clamping action of the bolts.
Slip-critical connections are recommended
for joints subjected to stress reversal,
severe stress fluctuation, impact, vibration
or where slip is objectionable
Types of Bolted connection
22
The clamping force applied to the bolt brings the two members close
enough so that appreciable friction is produced between them which
is then responsible for resisting the load. The more the clamping
force the more is the friction and strong is the connection but the
clamping force need not to be greater than tensile strength of the
bolt.
1. Slip-Critical connections
Slip critical connection becomes bearing type connection after the
slip occurs so every slip critical connection is essentially a bearing
type connection also.
23
2. Bearing type connections
Load is transferred by shearing and
bearing on the bolt.
Capacity in shear depends on whether
shear plane intersects the body of bolt
or threaded portion.

24
2. Bearing type connections

Bearing type connection is the most widely used general type
connection in which the load is resisted by the bolt body without
any friction between faying surfaces.
25
Type of connection Failures
1. Shearing Failure of Bolts.
2. Bearing Failure of plate.
3. Tearing failure at edge of plate.
1. Shearing failure of bolts
1. Shearing failure of bolts
2. Bearing Failure of Plate
Shear & Bearing Area
3. Tearing Failure at edge of Plate
Shearing Failure edge of plate
Transverse Tension Failure
Tests showed, failure by tearing through free edge of material
will not occur if L
e
measured parallel to line of applied force is
not less diameter of bolt multiplied by ratio of bearing stress
to tensile strength of connected part.
Force transmitted by the bolt
P = f
p
D t ------------------------(A)
Force to cause failure along two shear planes
P = 2(Le D / 2 ) t
u

u
= 0.7 Fu
P = 1.4DtF
u
(L
e
/D 1/2) -----(B)
Equating (A) & (B)
------- (C)
Eqn (C) can be approximated as
So Eqn becomes
LRFD
ASD
= 0.75
With FOS= 2
Tearing length or Edge distance
LRFD
ASD
Spacing between holes
Eccentricity of Applied Force
Plates of lap joint tends to bend.

Bending produces non uniform bearing of
the fastener on the plates
Topic Ref. Text Book Ref. LRFD Code
Minimum edge Distance Table 2-8 Table J3.4
Allowable Working Stress on
Fasteners or Connected
Material
Table 2-9
Allowable Load for Slip-
Critical Connections
Table 2-10 Table J3.6
Allowable Stresses A502
Rivets
Table 2-12
Design Strength of Fasteners Table 2-13 Table J3.2
38
Code Requirements

AISC Minimum Edge Distance
39
Code Requirements
Minimum installation tension
Code Requirements
Allowable Stresses
Code Requirements
Properties of structural bolts
Code Requirements
Allowable load for Slip critical connection
Code Requirements
Design strength of fasteners
Code Requirements
Design Example No.1 (ASD Method)
45
Design Example No.1 (LRFD Method)
W = 10 in
t = .25in
53
F
u
b

55
2
2
2
6
3
P = 77 Kips
56
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