PowerPoint Presentation for Dennis, Wixom & Roth Systems Analysis and Design, 3rd Edition

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Systems Analysis and Design
Systems Analysis and Design
Third Edition
Third Edition
Alan Dennis, Barbara Haley Wixom, and Roberta Roth
John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Slides by Candace S. Garrod
Red Rocs Comm!nity Colle"e
PowerPoint Presentation for Dennis, Wixom & Roth Systems Analysis and Design, 3rd Edition
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Planning
Planning
Cha#ter $
PowerPoint Presentation for Dennis, Wixom & Roth Systems Analysis and Design, 3rd Edition
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The Systems Development Life Cycle
(SDLC)
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%he SDLC is com#osed o& &o!r
&!ndamental #hases'
(lannin"
Analysis
Desi"n
Im#lementation
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)ach o& the #hases incl!de a set o&
ste#s, *hich rely on techni+!es that
#rod!ce s#eci&ic doc!ment &iles that
#ro,ide !nderstandin" abo!t the
#ro-ect.
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%o .nderstand the SD/C'
)ach #hase consists o& ste#s that lead
to s#eci&ic deli,erables
%he system e,ol,es thro!"h "rad!al
re&inement
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Phase I: Planning
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%his #hase is the &!ndamental #rocess o&
!nderstandin" *hy an in&ormation
system sho!ld be b!ilt.
%he (lannin" #hase *ill also determine
ho* the #ro-ect team *ill "o abo!t
b!ildin" the in&ormation system.
%he (lannin" #hase is com#osed o& t*o
#lannin" ste#s.
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To Planning Steps
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$. D!rin" pro!ect initiation, the system0s
b!siness ,al!e to the or"ani1ation is
identi&ied 2Ho* *ill it lo*er costs or increase
re,en!es34
5. D!rin" pro!ect management, the #ro-ect
mana"er creates a *or #lan, sta&&s the
#ro-ect, and #!ts techni+!es in #lace to hel#
the #ro-ect team control and direct the #ro-ect
thro!"h the entire SD/C.
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Phase II: Analysis
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%he analysis #hase ans*ers the +!estions o&
*ho *ill !se the system, *hat the system *ill
do, and *here and *hen it *ill be !sed.
D!rin" this #hase the #ro-ect team in,esti"ates
any c!rrent system2s4, identi&ies im#ro,ement
o##ort!nities, and de,elo#s a conce#t &or the
ne* system.
%his #hase has three analysis ste#s.
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Three Analysis Steps
"# Analysis strategy' %his is de,elo#ed to
"!ide the #ro-ects team0s e&&orts. %his
incl!des an analysis o& the c!rrent system.
$# %e&'irements gathering' %he analysis o&
this in&ormation leads to the de,elo#ment o& a
conce#t &or a ne* system. %his conce#t is
!sed to b!ild a set o& analysis models.
(# System proposal' %he #ro#osal is #resented
to the #ro-ect s#onsor and other ey
indi,id!als *ho decide *hether the #ro-ect
sho!ld contin!e to mo,e &or*ard.
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%he system #ro#osal is the initial deli,erable
that describes *hat b!siness re+!irements the
ne* system sho!ld meet.
%he deli,erable &rom this #hase is both an
analysis and a hi"h6le,el initial desi"n &or the
ne* system.
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Phase III: Design
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In this #hases it is decided ho* the
system *ill o#erate, in terms o& the
hard*are, so&t*are, and net*or
in&rastr!ct!re7 the !ser inter&ace, &orms,
and re#orts that *ill be !sed7 and the
s#eci&ic #ro"rams, databases, and &iles
that *ill be needed.
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)ive Design Steps
"# Design Strategy' %his clari&ies *hether the
system *ill be de,elo#ed by the com#any or
o!tside the com#any.
$# Architect're Design' %his describes the
hard*are, so&t*are, and net*or
in&rastr!ct!re that *ill be !sed.
(# Data*ase and )ile Specifications' %hese
doc!ments de&ine *hat and *here the data
*ill be stored.
+# Program Design' De&ines *hat #ro"rams
need to be *ritten and *hat they *ill do.
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Phase I,: Implementation
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D!rin" this #hase, the system is either
de,elo#ed or #!rchased 2in the case o&
#aca"ed so&t*are4.
%his #hase is !s!ally the lon"est and
most ex#ensi,e #art o& the #rocess.
%he #hase has three ste#s.
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Three Implementation Steps
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System Constr'ction' %he system is
b!ilt and tested to mae s!re it #er&orms
as desi"ned.
Installation' (re#are to s!##ort the
installed system.
S'pport Plan' Incl!des a #ost6
im#lementation re,ie*.
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Systems Development -ethodologies
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A methodolo"y is a &ormali1ed a##roach
to im#lementin" the SD/C.
%he methodolo"y *ill ,ary de#endin" on
*hether the em#hasis is on b!sinesses
#rocesses or on the data that s!##orts
the b!siness.
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Process.centered -ethodologies
With this methodolo"y, the &oc!s is on de&inin"
the acti,ities associated *ith the system.
%he concentration is on re#resentin" the
system conce#t as a set o& #rocesses *ith
in&ormation &lo*in" into and o!t o& the
#rocesses.
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Data.centered -ethodologies
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%his methodolo"y &oc!ses on de&inin"
the content o& the data stora"e
containers and ho* they are or"ani1ed.
Data6centered methodolo"ies !tili1e data
models as the core o& the system
conce#t"
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/*!ect.oriented -ethodologies
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%his methodolo"y attem#ts to balance
the &oc!s bet*een #rocesses and data.
%he .ni&ied 8odelin" /an"!a"e 2.8/4 is
!sed to describe the system conce#t as
a collection o& ob-ects incor#oratin" both
data and #rocesses.
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Category I of the System
Development -ethodology:
Str'ct'red Design
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Str!ct!red desi"n methodolo"ies ado#t a
&ormal ste#6by6ste# a##roach to the SD/C that
mo,es lo"ically &rom one #hase to the next.
%his desi"n methodolo"y introd!ces the !se o&
&ormal modelin" or dia"rammin" techni+!es to
describe a system0s basic b!siness #rocesses
and &ollo*s a basic a##roach o& t*o str!ct!red
desi"n cate"ories.
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0aterfall Development
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With *ater&all de,elo#ment6 based
methodolo"ies, the analysts and !sers #roceed
se+!entially &rom one #hase to the next.
%he t*o ey ad,anta"es o& *ater&all
de,elo#ment6based methodolo"ies are'
6 %he system re+!irements are identi&ied lon"
be&ore #ro"rammin" be"ins.
6 Chan"es to the re+!irements are minimi1ed as
the #ro-ect #roceeds.
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%he t*o ey disad,anta"es o& *ater&all
de,elo#ment6based methodolo"ies are'
6 %he desi"n m!st be com#letely s#eci&ied
be&ore #ro"rammin" be"ins.
6 A lon" time ela#ses bet*een the
com#letion o& the system #ro#osal in the
analysis #hase and the deli,ery o& the system.
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0aterfall Development.*ased -ethodology
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Parallel Development
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%his methodolo"y attem#ts to address
the lon" time inter,al bet*een the
analysis #hase and the deli,ery o& the
system.
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A general design for the entire system is performed and then
the pro!ect is divided into a series of distinct s'*pro!ects#
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Category II of the System
Development -ethodology: %apid
Application Development (%AD)
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RAD6based methodolo"ies ad-!st the SD/C
#hases to "et some #art o& system de,elo#ed
+!icly and into the hands o& the !sers.
8ost RAD6based methodolo"ies recommend
that analysts !se s#ecial techni+!es and
com#!ter tools to s#eed !# the analysis,
desi"n, and im#lementation #hases, s!ch as
CAS) 2com#!ter6aided so&t*are en"ineerin"4
tools.
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9ne #ossible s!btle #roblem *ith RAD6based
methodolo"ies is mana"in" !ser ex#ectations.
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Phased Development
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%his methodolo"y breas the o,erall system
into a series o& ,ersions that are de,elo#ed
se+!entially.
%he team cate"ori1es the re+!irements into a
series o& ,ersions, then the most im#ortant and
&!ndamental re+!irements are b!ndled into the
&irst ,ersion o& the system.
%he analysis #hase then leads into desi"n and
im#lementation7 ho*e,er, only *ith the set o&
re+!irements identi&ied &or ,ersion $.
As each ,ersion is com#leted, the team be"ins
*or on a ne* ,ersion.
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Phased Development.*ased -ethodology
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Prototyping
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(rototy#in"6based methodolo"ies #er&orm the
analysis, desi"n and im#lementation #hases
conc!rrently.
All three #hases are #er&ormed re#eatedly in a
cycle !ntil the system is com#leted.
A #rototy#e is a smaller ,ersion o& the system
*ith a minimal amo!nt o& &eat!res.
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Prototyping.*ased -ethodology
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Ad,anta"e' (ro,ides a system &or the
!sers to interact *ith, e,en i& it is not
initially ready &or !se.
Disad,anta"e' 9&ten the #rototy#e
!nder"oes s!ch si"ni&icant chan"es that
many initial desi"n decisions #ro,e to be
#oor ones.
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Throaay Prototyping
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%hro*a*ay #rototy#in" methodolo"ies
are similar to #rototy#in" based
methodolo"ies.
%he main di&&erence is that thro*a*ay
#rototy#in" IS com#leted d!rin" a
di&&erent #oint in the SD/C.
Has relati,ely thoro!"h analysis #hase.
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Throaay Prototyping.*ased -ethodology
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Category III of the System
Development -ethodology: Agile
Development
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%his cate"ory &oc!ses on streamlinin" the
SD/C by eliminatin" m!ch o& the modelin" and
doc!mentation o,erhead and the time s#ent on
those tass.
(ro-ects em#hasi1e sim#le, iterati,e
a##lication de,elo#ment.
%his cate"ory !ses extreme #ro"rammin",
*hich is described next.
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E1treme Programming (2P)
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)xtreme (ro"rammin" 2:(4 *as &o!nded
on &o!r core ,al!es'
Comm!nication
Sim#licity
;eedbac
Co!ra"e
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<ey #rinci#les o& :( incl!de'
Contin!o!s testin"
Sim#le codin"
Close interaction *ith the end !sers to
b!ild systems ,ery +!icly
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An E1treme Programming.*ased
-ethodology
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Selecting the Appropriate
Development -ethodology
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Selectin" a methodolo"y is not sim#le,
as no one methodolo"y is al*ays best.
8any or"ani1ations ha,e their o*n
standards.
%he next &i"!re s!mmari1es some
im#ortant methodolo"y selection criteria.
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Criteria for Selecting a
-ethodology
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Clarity of 3ser %e&'irements
RAD methodolo"ies o& #rototy#in" and
thro*a*ay #rototy#in" are !s!ally more
a##ro#riate *hen !ser re+!irements are
!nclear as they #ro,ide #rototy#es &or
!sers to interact *ith early in the SD/C.
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)amiliarity ith Technology
I& the system is desi"ned *itho!t some
&amiliarity *ith the base technolo"y, riss
increase beca!se the tools may not be
ca#able o& doin" *hat is needed.
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System Comple1ity
Com#lex systems re+!ire care&!l and
detailed analysis and desi"n.
(ro-ect teams *ho &ollo* #hased
de,elo#ment6based methodolo"ies tend
to de,ote less attention to the analysis o&
the com#lete #roblem domain than they
mi"ht i& they *ere !sin" other
methodolo"ies.
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System %elia*ility
System reliability is !s!ally an im#ortant
&actor in system de,elo#ment.
%hro*a*ay #rototy#in"6based
methodolo"ies are most a##ro#riate
*hen system reliability is a hi"h #riority.
(rototy#in"6based methodolo"ies are
"enerally not a "ood choice as they lac
care&!l analysis and desi"n #hases.
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Short Time Sched'les
RAD6based methodolo"ies are *ell
s!ited &or #ro-ects *ith short time
sched!les as they increase s#eed.
Water&all6based methodolo"ies are the
*orst choice *hen time is essential as
they do not allo* &or easy sched!le
chan"es.
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Sched'le ,isi*ility
RAD6based methodolo"ies mo,e many
o& the critical desi"n decisions earlier in
the #ro-ect7 conse+!ently, this hel#s
#ro-ect mana"ers reco"ni1e and address
ris &actors and ee# ex#ectations hi"h.
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Pro!ect Team S4ills and %oles
(ro-ects sho!ld consist o& a ,ariety o& silled
indi,id!als in order &or a system to be
s!ccess&!l.
Six ma-or sill sets an analyst sho!ld ha,e
incl!de'
%echnical
B!siness
Analytical
Inter#ersonal
8ana"ement
)thical
PowerPoint Presentation for Dennis, Wixom, &
Roth Systems #nalysis an% Design, &r% )%ition
Copyright 2006 John Wiley & Sons, n!" #ll
rights reser$e%"
( '
6,
Categories of Analysts
B!siness Analyst
Systems Analyst
In&rastr!ct!re Analyst
Chan"e 8ana"ement Analyst
(ro-ect 8ana"er
PowerPoint Presentation for Dennis, Wixom, &
Roth Systems #nalysis an% Design, &r% )%ition
Copyright 2006 John Wiley & Sons, n!" #ll
rights reser$e%"
( '
6-
Pro!ect Team %oles
PowerPoint Presentation for Dennis, Wixom, &
Roth Systems #nalysis an% Design, &r% )%ition
Copyright 2006 John Wiley & Sons, n!" #ll
rights reser$e%"
( '
6.
S'mmary
%he Systems De,elo#ment /i&ecycle consists
o& &o!r sta"es' (lannin", Analysis, Desi"n, and
Im#lementation
%here are six ma-or de,elo#ment
methodolo"ies' the *ater&all method, the
#arallel de,elo#ment method, the #hased
de,elo#ment method, system #rototy#in",
desi"n #rototy#in", and a"ile de,elo#ment.
%here are &i,e ma-or team roles' b!siness
analyst, systems analyst, in&rastr!ct!re analyst,
chan"e mana"ement analyst and #ro-ect
mana"er.
PowerPoint Presentation for Dennis, Wixom, &
Roth Systems #nalysis an% Design, &r% )%ition
Copyright 2006 John Wiley & Sons, n!" #ll
rights reser$e%"
( '
,0
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