Sei sulla pagina 1di 42

Chapter (4)

Traverse Computations
Introduction
The survey procedure known as traversing
is fundamental to much survey
measurement.
The procedure consists of using a variety of
instrument combinations to create polar
vector in space, that is 'lines' with a
magnitude (distance) and direction
(bearing).
These vectors are generally contiguous and
create a polygon which conforms to various
mathematical and geometrical rules (which
can be used to check the fieldwork and
computations).
The equipment used generally consists of
something to determine direction like a
compass or theodolite, and something to
determine distance like a tape or
Electromagnetic Distance Meter (EDM).
There are orderly field methods and
standardized booking procedures to minimize
the likelihood of mistakes, and routine
methods of data reduction again to reduce the
possible occurrence of errors.
The most fundamental of these checks is to
perform a closed traverse that is a traverse
that starts and finishes on either the same
point or known points, (similar in concept to a
level run).
The Function of Traverses
Traverses are normally performed
around a parcel of land so that features
on the surface or the boundary
dimensions can be determined.
Often the traverse stations will be
revisited so that perhaps three-
dimensional topographic data can be
obtained, so that construction data can
be established on the ground.
A traverse provides a simple network
of 'known' points that can be used to
derive other information.
Types of traverse
There are two types of traverse used in survey.
These are open traverse, and closed traverse.





D
1
A
B
C
1
B
A
C
D
2
A
1
D
B
C
Open Traverse
Closed Traverse
Link Traverse
Open Traverse
An open traverse begins at a point of known
control and ends at a station whose relative
position is known only by computations.
The open traverse is considered to be the least
desirable type of traverse, because it provides no
check on the accuracy of the starting control or
the accuracy of the fieldwork.
For this reason, traverse is never deliberately
left open.
Open traverse is used only open projects like
roads, cannels, railway lines, shoreline
protection.
Closed Traverse
This traverse starts and ends at stations of known control.
There are two types of closed traverseclosed on the starting
point and closed on a second known point.
Closed loop traverse
This type of closed traverse begins at a point of known
control, moves through the various required unknown points,
and returns to the same point.
This type of closed traverse is considered to be the second
best and is used when both time for survey and limited survey
control are considerations.
It provides checks on fieldwork and computations and
provides a basis for comparison to determine the accuracy of
the work performed.
The first step in checking a closed traverse
is the addition of all angles.
Interior angles are added and compared
to (n-2)*180
o
.
Exterior angles are added and compared
to (n+2)*180
o
.
Deflection angle traverses are
algebraically added and compared to 360
o
.
The allowable misclosure depends on the
instrument, the number of traverse stations,
and the intention for the control survey.
c =K * n
0.5
where
c = allowable misclosure.
K = fraction of the least count of the
instrument, dependent on the number of
repetitions and accuracy desired (typically 30"
for third-order and 60" for fourth-order)
n = number of angles.
Exceeding this value, given the parameters, may
indicate some other errors are present, of angular
type, in addition to the random error.
The angular error is distributed in a manner suited
to the party chief before adjustment of latitude and
departures. Adjustment of latitudes and departures is
the accepted method.
The relative point closure is obtained by dividing the
error of closure (EC ) by the line lengths.
Relative point closure = EC / S of the distances
Closed traverse between two known
control points
This type of closed traverse begins from a point of
known control, moves through the various required
unknown points, and then ends at a second point of
known control.
The point on which the survey is closed must be a
point established to an equal or higher order of
accuracy than that of the starting point. This is the
preferred type of traverse.
It provides checks on fieldwork, computations, and
starting control. It also provides a basis for
comparison to determine the accuracy of the work
performed.
The procedure for adjusting this type of
traverse begins with angular error just as in
a loop traverse.
To determine the angular error a formula is
used to generalized the conversion of angles
into azimuth.
The formula takes out the reciprocal
azimuth used in the back sight as (n-1)
stations used the back-azimuth as a back
sight in recording the angles.
A
1
+ a
1
+ a
2
+ a
3
+ ...+ a
n
-(n-1)(180
o
)=A
2
If the misclosure is exceeded, the angular
error may have been exceeded or the
beginning and ending azimuths are in error or
oriented in different meridian alignments.
If beginning and ending azimuths were
taken from two traverses, and the angle
repetitions were found to be at least an order
of magnitude better than the tabulated
angular error, the ending azimuths may
contain a constant error which may be
removed to improve the allowable error.
GPS or astronomic observations may be
used to find the discrepancy if the benefit of
this.
Traverse fieldwork
The easiest way of visualizing the traversing
process is to consider it to be the formation of a
polygon on the ground using standard survey
procedures.
If the traverse is being measured using a
theodolite (which is the normal case) then angles
are observed to survey stations on both faces for a
given number of rounds, and booked and reduced
accordingly.
The stations being observed are pre marked and
targeted with range poles or traversing targets, or
simply by a plumb-bob string for the duration of
the angle measurement.
If bearings are being observed with a
magnetic compass then care must be taken
to reduce the effect of variation in
declination over the period of the survey,
and especially to avoid the effects of local
attraction.
This is done by avoiding nearby metallic
objects, and by observing both forward and
reverse bearings for each traverse line.
Whatever method is used for the
measurement of distance then all
appropriate corrections should be made,
and the distances reduced to horizontal.
Choice of points
Planning - establish requirements for accuracy,
density and location of control points.
Reconnaissance - nature of terrain, access,
location of points.
Station marking
Station marking - type of mark, reference.
Protection.
Description Card.
Observations
Angular and Distance Measurements.
Angular Measurement Targets, Reading and
booking procedure.
Linear Distance - Standard, slope, temp.
Booking procedure.
Traverse Computations
1 Angular Closure of Closed loop traverse
Using a theodolite we can measure all the
internal angles.
The sum of the internal angles of a polygon
(traverse) is given by the rule:
= (n -2)* 180
O

Where n is the number of sides of the traverse,
and each internal angle.
Any variation from this sum is known as the
misclosure and must be accounted for, either
through compensation (if it is an acceptable
amount) or elimination by repetition of the
observations.
An angular closure is computed for traverses
performed with either Theodolites or magnetic
compasses.
A larger misclosure could be expected when
using a magnetic compass, but in any case it
must be calculated and removed.
The Angular Misclosure =
Measured Angles - Internal Angles
Maximum Angular Misclosure
=2*Accuracy of Theodolite * (No. of Angles)
Calculation of Whole Circle Bearing
When the angles is adjusted, then a bearing is
adopted for one of the lines (or a known bearing is
used) and bearings for all the lines are computed.
The bearing of a line is computed by adding 180
to the bearing of the line before, and then
subtracting the included angle ().
Example:
Observations, using a 6" Theodolite, were taken
in the field for an anti - clockwise polygon
traverse, A, B, C, D. The bearing of line AB is to
be assumed to be 0
o
and the co-ordinates of
station A are (3000.00 m E ; 4000.00 m N).
A
B
N
C
D
horizontal
distance
( m )
line observed
clockwise
horizontal angle
traverse
station
638.57 AB 132 15
30"
A
1576.20 BC 126 12
54"
B
3824.10 CD 069 41
18"
C
3133.72 DA 031 50
30"
D
360 00
12"

Solution

Calculation of Angular misclosure
(Internal Angles)= 360 00 12"
(Internal Angles should be (N-2)*180
= 360 00 00"
The Angular Misclosure()=

Measured Angles - Internal Angles
= 360 00 12" - 360 00 00" = 12"
Allowable = 2 * 6" * 4 = 24" OK
Therefore distribute error
The correction / angle = -12/4= 3"


corrected
horizontal angle
correction observed clockwise
horizontal angle
traverse
station
132 15
27"
-3" 132 15 30" A
126 12
51"
-3"

126 12 54" B
069 41
15"
-3"

069 41 18" C
031 50
27"
-3"

031 50 30" D
360 00
00"
-12"

360 00 12"
Calculation of Whole circle Bearing

bearing circle whole bearing back line
(W.C.B.) bearing forward station
angle corrected line
00 00 00 00 00 00 AB
00 00 180 BA
51 12 126 B
51 12 306 51 12 306 BC
51 12 126 CB
15 41 69 C
06 54 195 06 54 195 CD
06 54 15 DC
27 50 31 D
33 44 47 33 44 47 DA
33 44 227 AD
27 15 132 A
Check AB
Linear closure
The method of checking the distance component of
the closed traverse is known as performing a linear
closure.
In its simplest form this consists of converting the
corrected angles into bearing and then computing
the partial Easting and Northing for each line.
Easting = D . Sin
Northing = D . Cos
These values are then summed, and any deviation
from the expected value is assessed.
In a traverse that starts and finishes on the same
point the total change in position should be zero, and
in a traverse that starts and finishes on points that
have a known position the sum should equal the
known displacement.
An angular closure must be performed first, as
these formulae contain two measured variables
(direction and distance) the bearings must have
their error eliminated so we can attribute the
remaining error to the distances.
) ( *
) ( *
1
1 1
1
1 1
Nn N Cos D N
En E Sin D E
i
i
n
i
n
i
i
i
n
i
n
i





If the linear misclosure is acceptable, then this


can be adjusted out of the network, but if the
misclosure is too large then the fieldwork should
be repeated (unless the source of the problem can
be isolated).
linear misclosure In above example
can be calculated as follow

D cos
( m )
D sin
( m )
bearing

circle whole Distance
( m )
line
+638.57 0.00
00" 00 00
638.57
AB
+931.227

-1271.701
51" 12 306
1576.20
BC
-3677.764 -1047.754
06" 54 195
3824.10
CD
+2107.313 +2319.361
33" 44 47
3133.72
DA
-0.654 -0.094 9172.59
e = ( E
2
+ N
2
)
= (0.094
2
+ 0.654
2
) = 0.661m
e is the LINEAR MISCLOSURE

Fractional Linear Misclosure (FLM) = 1 in ( D / e )
1 in (9172.59 / 0.661) = 1 in 13900
Acceptable FLM values :-

1 in 5000 for most engineering surveys

1 in 10000 for control for large projects

1 in 20000 for major works and
monitoring for structural deformation etc.

Example
Consider the following traverse and traverse table:

horizontal
Distance (m)
line
Observed
clockwise
horizontal angle
traverse
station
127.54 AB 096 54 10"
A
086.32 BC 107 32 30"
B
078.45 CD 141 27 10"
C
149.68 DE 087 15 40"
D
096.02 EA 106 49 40"
E
538.11 L 539 59 10"
96
o
54 10
127.54 m.
107
o
32 30
96.02 m.
78.45 m.
86.32 m.
149.68 m.
141
o
27 10
106
o
49 40
87
o
15 40
A
B
C
D E
N
Solution
Calculation of Angular misclosure:
(Internal Angles) = 539 59 10"
(Internal Angles) should be (n -2)*180 = (5-2)*180
=540 00 00"
The Angular Misclosure()
= Measured Angles - Internal Angles
= 539 59 10" - 540 00 00" =- 50"
Allowable = 2 * 20" * 5= 89.44" OK
Therefore distribute error.
The correction/angle = 50"/5= 10
The angles area adjusted for this misclosure amount,
this case 10 seconds would be added to each angle to
distribute the misclosure evenly throughout the
traverse.
W.C.B. corrected angle line
000 00
00"
(A) 096 54 20" AB
072 27
20"
(B) 107 32 40" BC
111 00
00"
(C) 141 27 20" CD
203 44
10"
(D) 087 15 50" DE
276 54
20"
(E) 106 49 50" EA
Linear closure

Latitu.
( m )
Depar.
( m )
bearing
distance
( m )
line
127.54 0.000
000 00
00"
127.54
AB
26.021 82.305
072 27
20"
086.32
BC
-28.114 73.239
111 00
00"
078.45
CD
-137.018 -60.250
203 44
10"
149.68
DE
11.545 -95.323
276 54
20"
096.02
EA
-0.026 -0.029
538.11
From the table, E = -0.029, and N = -0.026
This is then converted to a vector, expressing the
misclosure in terms of a bearing and distance.
Distance =( E
2
+ N
2
)
1/2
= 0.039 meters,
Bearing = tan-1 ( E/ N) = 227 30
Then the work is repeated. Conventionally the misclosure is
expressed as a ratio of the total perimeter of the traverse and
referred to as the 'accuracy'.
In this case this is 1:13,795 which satisfies requirements under
the Survey Coordination Act.
If the misclosure was found to be large then it is likely that a
mistake had occurred during the field process.
The bearing of the misclosure vector can be used as an indication
of the line in which the mistake occurred, however this is a guide
only.
Naturally if the misclosure was close to one physical length of the
measuring device (say 50m) then it is likely that a chain length
was omitted somewhere. If the source of the mistake cannot be
isolated,
If the coordinates of point A ( 2000,5000 )
Now we will go to correct the coordinates of the
points of the traverse
N
corr.
E
corr.
corr. for
norting
corr. for
easting

N
uncorr.
E
uncorr.
Line

127.546 0.007 0.006 0.007 127.54 0.000 AB
26.025 82.310 0.004 0.005 26.021 82.305 BC
-28.110 73.243 0.004 0.004 -28.114 73.239 CD
-137.011 -60.242 0.007 0.008 -137.018 -60.250 DE
11.550 -95.318 0.005 0.005 11.545 -95.323 EA
0 0
0.026 0.029 -0.026 -0.029

northing (m) Easting (m) point


5000.000 2000.000 A
5127.546 2000.007 B
5153.571 2082.317 C
5125.461 2155.560 D
4988.450 2095.318 E
5000.000 2000.000 A
Final corrected coordinates:
Traverses - Missing Data:
As a rule traverses are always closed, either onto them
selves or between known points so that an estimate of
accuracy and precision can be obtained, as well as a
check on our fieldwork.
There are rare occasions where traverses cannot be
closed, and more commonly there are situations where
open traverses run off a rigorous network are used to
determine the dimensions of features that are not
readily accessible.
The use of traversing procedures and calculation to
determine these dimensions is based on the
mathematics of a closed traverse.
That is, the data that is missing from the traverse is
presumed to be that which would close the traverse.
If we adopt this procedure, then an additional
condition applying to our measurements is known
0 ) ( *
0 ) ( *
1
1 1
1
1 1






Nn N Cos D N
En E Sin D E
i
i
n
i
n
i
i
i
n
i
n
i

The missing elements of a traverse polygon


that can be solved for are as follows:

1.Bearing and Distance of One Line .
2.Bearing of One Line, Distance of Another.
3.Distance of two Lines.
4.Bearing of two Lines.

Example
In a theodolite survey the following details
were noted and some of the observations were
found to be missing.
Length ( m )
W.C.B.
line
480
060 00 00"
AB
1180
115 00 00"
BC
?
235 40 00"
CD
1205 ? DA
Calculate the missing data ?
Solution

latitude
Departure
R.B.
Length( m )
line
+240 415.69 N 60 E
480 AB
-498.69 1069.44 S 65 E
1180 BC
-0.564 L -0.826 L S 55
40W
L CD
1205 cos 1205 sin
1205 DA
0 0
In Departure
415.69 + 1069.44 0.826 L +1205 Sin () = 00.00
1205 Sin () = + 0.826 L 1485.13
1452025Sin
2
()=0.682L
2
2453.43L+2205611.12 (1)
In Latitude
240 498.69 0.564 L + 1205 Cos () = 00.00
1205 Cos () = + 0.564 L + 258.69
1452025Cos
2
()=0.318 L
2
+291.8 L+ 6692 0.52 (2)
For length CD
Add Eq.(1) and Eq.(2)
1452025 [Sin
2
()+Cos
2
()]=L
2
2161.63 L+ 2272531.64
L
2
2161.63 L + 820506.64 = 00.00 (3)
Solving Eq. (3) L = 491.455 m.
For Bearing of line CD
Substitute in Eq.(1)
1205 Sin () = + 0.826 x 491.455 1485.13
Sin () = -0.8955
R.B. of CD = N 63 3422" W
W.C.B. of CD = 296 25 38"
Example (Mansoura 4/1/2006)
C and D are two stations whose coordinates are
given below:
Latitude (m)
Departure (m)
station
+835 +380 C
+1350.50
-680 D
From station C is run a line CB of 220 m length
with a bearing of 130. From B is run a line BA of
length 640 m and parallel to CD . Find the length
and bearing of AD?
Solution:
o
130
C (380,835)
D (-680,1350.50)
B
A
640 m
N
220 m
DC = {(1060)
2
+ (515.5)
2
}
0.5
= 1178.703 m
W.C.B of DC = tan
-1
1060/515.5 = 115 56 05
W.C.B of BA = 295 56 05

Latitude Departure W.C.B Length
(m)
Line
-515.50 +1060 115 56
05
1178.703 DC
-141.413 +168.530 130 220 CB
+279.902 -575.574 295 56
05
640 BA
L cos L sin L AD
L sin = - 652.983 m , L cos = + 377.011 m
( W.C.B of AD ) = 325 59 57 , Length of AD = 754.005 m

Potrebbero piacerti anche