GROUP 2

4MT-2
Cala, Bianca Victoria
Calda, Danielle Alec
Cajucom, Rozel
Caritativo, Mico Raphael
De Guzman, Jose Eduardo

The posterior pituitary (or neurohypophysis)
comprises the posterior lobe of the pituitary
gland and is part of the endocrine system.

It secretes oxytocin and vasopressin which are
produced by the hypothalamus.

The hormones produced by the hypothalamus are
stored in the Herring Bodies before being secreted
by the posterior pituitary.
Hormones secreted by the P. Pituitary:

1. Oxytocin - Uterine contractions; lactation

2. Vasopressin - Stimulates water retention;
raises blood pressure by contracting
arterioles, induces male aggression


1. VASOPRESSIN (VP)
Targets Kidneys or Arterioles
Also known as Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH)
retention of water
released when the body is dehydrated and causes
the kidney to conserve water
plays a key role in homeostasis
increases peripheral vascular resistance
(vasoconstriction) and thus increases arterial blood
pressure

ADH is a test that measures the amount of antidiuretic hormone
(ADH) in blood

Indications:
Diagnosis and characterization of diabetes insipidus (DI)
Buildup of fluids in your body that are causing swelling or
puffiness
Excessive amounts of urine
Thirst that is intense or uncontrollable





The patient should fast for at least 6 hours.
No liquid intake is allowed.

A blood sample is needed.

The blood is acidified, then centrifuged.

After adding a buffer, the specimen is
measured for ADH by RIA.


Normal Value:
Adults: <1.7 pg/mL
Increased ADH:
Brain injury or trauma
Brain tumors
Fluid imbalance after surgery
Infection in the brain
Infection in the lungs
Small cell carcinoma lung cancer
Stroke

Decreased ADH
Damage to the pituitary gland
Diabetes insipidus
Primary polydipsia

2. OXYTOCIN (OT)
Targets the uterus and mammary glands
plays roles in sexual reproduction, in
particular during and after childbirth.
Released after distention the uterus and
cervix during labor
Also released after nipple stimulation or
breastfeeding
Positive feedback Mechanism


Used to determine how well the baby would
undergo against the stress of labor
The mother is injected with Oxytocin,
intravenously.
Oxytocin would give the mother contractions
3-4 mins. apart for 1 whole hour.

-Heart rate of the baby is measured during
these contractions
> (+) Increased Fetal Heart Rate
-Baby will not be able to tolerate
contractions
-Wean Birth is recommended
>(-) Normal Fetal Heart Rate
-Baby will be able to tolerate contractions
-Normal Birth

*Lying flat on your back during the test will
cause:
> Decrease blood pressure
>Decrease oxygen
>FALSE fetal distress on the monitor

The parathyroid glands are small endocrine
glands in the neck that produce parathyroid
hormone
Humans usually have four parathyroid
glands, which are usually located on the rear
surface of the thyroid gland.
Parathyroid glands control the amount of
calcium in the blood and within the bones.

Parathyroid Hormone (PTH)
targets the bones and the kidney
secreted by the chief cells of the parathyroid
glands
increase the concentration of calcium in
the blood
It also helps in Vitamin D synthesis
PTH half-life is approximately 4 minutes
Stimulators:
Secretion of parathyroid hormone is
controlled chiefly by serum [Ca
2+
]
through negative feedback.
Mild decreases in serum [Mg
2+
].
An increase in serum phosphate


Helps diagnose the reason for High or Low calcium
levels
Helps distinguish between parathyroid-related and
non-parathyroid-related causes
It is also used to monitor patients with:
1.) Chronic Calcium Imbalances
2.) Surgery or Treatment of patients with
Parathyroid Tumors
3.) Chronic Kidney Disease
4.) Hyperparathyroidism (Intraoperative
PTHT)

Indications:
1.) Test for Calcium is abnormal
2.) Hypercalcemia
-Fatigue
-Nausea
-Muscle Pain
-Thirst
3.) Hypocalcemia
-Abdominal Pain
-Muscle Pain
-Tingling Fingers

Interpretation

Normal Value of
PTH: 65 pg/mL
NV for serum calcium is 2.25-2.5 mmol/l
Sources:
http://www.mc.vanderbilt.edu/dept/obgyn/LD_Policies/OCT
_CST_Policy.pdf
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2673765
http://labtestsonline.org/understanding/analytes/adh/tab/te
st
http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003702.ht
m