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SiO
2
) - C
3
S
2. 25% dicalcium silicate (2CaO
SiO
2
) C
2
S
3. 10% tricalcium aluminate (3CaO
Al
2
O3) - C
3
A
4. 10% tetracalcium aluminoferrite (4CaO
Al
2
O
3
Fe
2
O
3
) - C
4
AF
5. 5% other oxides
Composition of Portland Cement
Well Design Spring 2012
Prepared by: Tan Nguyen
2(3CaO.SiO
2
) + 6H
2
O --> 3CaO.2SiO
2
.3H
2
O + 3Ca(OH)
2
2(2CaO.SiO
2
) + 4H
2
O --> (slow)3CaO.2SiO
2
.3H
2
O + Ca(OH)
2
4CaO.Al2O3.Fe2O3 + 10H2O + 2Ca(OH)2 --> (slow)6CaO.Al
2
O
3
.Fe
2
O
3
.12H
2
O + Ca(OH)
2
3CaO.Al
2
O
3
+ 12H
2
O + Ca(OH)
2
--> (fast)3CaO.Al
2
O
3
.Ca(OH)
2
.12H
2
O
3CaO.Al
2
O
3
+ 10H
2
O + CaSO
4
.2H
2
O --> 3CaO.Al
2
O
3
.CaSO
4
.12H
2
O
Composition of Portland Cement
Oxide
Lime (CaO or C)
Silica (SiO
2
or S)
Alumina (Al
2
O
3
or A)
Ferric Oxide (Fe
2
O
3
or F)
Magnesia (MgO)
Sulfur Trioxide (SO
3
)
Ignition loss
Well Design Spring 2012
Prepared by: Tan Nguyen
API uses the following equations for calculating the weight percent of the crystalline
compounds from the weight percent of the oxides present.
C
3
S = 4.07C 7.6S 6.72A 1.43F 2.85SO
3
C
2
S = 2.87S 0.754C
3
S
C
3
A = 2.65A 1.69F
C
4
AF = 3.04F
These equations are valid as long as the weight ratio of Al
2
O
3
to Fe
2
O
3
present is
greater than 0.64
Composition of Portland Cement
Well Design Spring 2012
Prepared by: Tan Nguyen
Example: Calculate the percentages of C
3
S, C
2
S, C
3
A, and C
4
AF from the
following oxide analysis of a standard Portland cement.
Example
Oxide Weight Percent
Lime (CaO or C)
Silica (SiO
2
or S)
Alumina (Al
2
O
3
or A)
Ferric Oxide (Fe
2
O
3
or F)
Magnesia (MgO)
Sulfur Trioxide (SO
3
)
Ignition loss
65.6
22.2
5.8
2.8
1.9
1.8
0.7
Well Design Spring 2012
Prepared by: Tan Nguyen
The A/F ratio is 5.8/2.8 = 2.07.
C
3
S = 4.07C 7.6S 6.72A 1.43F 2.85SO
3
C
3
S = 4.07(65.6) 7.6(22.2) 6.72(5.8) 1.43(2.8) 2.85(1.8) = 50.16%
C
2
S = 2.87S 0.754C
3
S
C
2
S = 2.87(22.2) 0.754(50.16) = 25.89%
C
3
A = 2.65A 1.69F
C
3
A = 2.65(5.8) 1.69(2.8) = 10.64%
C
4
AF = 3.04F
C
4
AF = 3.04(2.8) = 8.51%
Example
Well Design Spring 2012
Prepared by: Tan Nguyen
API Tests for Cementing
presents a recommended procedure for testing drilling cements. Cement
specifications almost always are stated in terms of these standard tests. The test
equipment needed to perform the API tests includes:
1. A mud balance for determining the slurry density,
2. A filter press for determining the filtration rate of the slurry,
3. A rotational viscometer for determining the rheological properties of the slurry,
4. A consistometer for determining the thickening rate characteristics of the slurry,
5. Specimen molds and strength testing machines for determining the tensile and
compressive strength of the cement
6. A cement permeameter for determining permeability of the set cement,
Well Design Spring 2012
Prepared by: Tan Nguyen
The test consists essentially of filling the cup with a mud sample and determining
the rider position required for balance. Water is usually used for the calibration fluid.
The density of fresh water is 8.33 lbm/gal.
Mud Balance Slurry Density Test
API Tests for Cementing
Well Design Spring 2012
Prepared by: Tan Nguyen
The rate at which a cement slurry loses
the water required for its fluidity through
a permeable barrier is called filtration
rate or fluid-loss rate.
The standard API filter press has an
area of 45 cm
2
and is operated at a
pressure of 100 psig (6.8 atm). The
filtrate volume collected in a 30-min time
period is reported as the standard water
loss.
Filter Press Fluid Loss Test
API Tests for Cementing
Well Design Spring 2012
Prepared by: Tan Nguyen
The mud is sheared at a constant rate between an inner bob and an outer rotating
sleeve. Six standard speeds plus a variable speed setting are available with the
rotational viscometer.
Rotational Viscometer
API Tests for Cementing
Well Design Spring 2012
Prepared by: Tan Nguyen
Flow curves of time-independent fluids
Newtonian fluids:
Power law fluids:
Bingham fluids:
Herschel-Bulkley
(Yield power law fluids)
t =
n
K t =
t t
p y
+ =
n
y
K t t + =
Rotational Viscometer
API Tests for Cementing
Well Design Spring 2012
Prepared by: Tan Nguyen
For Bingham fluid:
N
N
a
u
300
=
300 600
u u =
P
p y
u t =
300
Rotational Viscometer
API Tests for Cementing
where:
a
(cp) - apparent viscosity,
u
N
- dial reading in degrees,
N(RPM) - rotor speed,
p
(cp) - plastic viscosity,
t and t
y
(lbf/100ft
2
) - shear stress, and yield stress
(1/s) - shear rate,
and
p
(cp) - fluid viscosity and Bingham viscosity,
K (lbfxs
n
/100ft
2
) - consistency index,
n - flow behavior index.
Well Design Spring 2012
Prepared by: Tan Nguyen
The data below are obtained from a rotational viscometer. Determine type of fluid
and the rheological model of this fluid.
RPM Dial Reading
3
10
6
12
100
35
200
48
300
60
600
75
Rotational Viscometer
API Tests for Cementing
Well Design Spring 2012
Prepared by: Tan Nguyen
A device used to determine the thickening time of cement slurries under simulated
downhole pressure and temperature conditions. The thickening time is a
measurement of the time during which cement slurry remain in a fluid state and is
capable of being pumped. Thickening time is assessed under simulated downhole
conditions using a consistometer that plots the consistency of a slurry over time at
the anticipated temperature and pressure conditions. The end of the thickening
time is considered to be 50 or 70 Bc for most applications.
Cement Consistometer Thickening Time Test
API Tests for Cementing
Well Design Spring 2012
Prepared by: Tan Nguyen
The thickening time of a slurry under realistic conditions must be established to
ensure adequate pumping time for slurry placement.
Excessive thickening time must be avoided to prevent:
1. Delays in resuming drilling operations
2. Settling and separation of slurry components
3. Formation of free-water pockets
4. Loss of hydrostatic head and gas cutting
Cement Consistometer Thickening Time Test
API Tests for Cementing
Well Design Spring 2012
Prepared by: Tan Nguyen
The apparatus consists of a rotating cylindrical slurry container equipped with a
stationary paddle assembly, all enclosed in a pressure chamber capable of
withstanding temperatures and pressures encountered in well cementing
operations. The cylindrical slurry chamber is rotated at 150 rpm during the test. The
slurry consistency is defined in terms of the torque exerted on the paddle by the
cement slurry. The relation between torque and slurry consistency is given by
Cement Consistometer
API Tests for Cementing
Well Design Spring 2012
Prepared by: Tan Nguyen
T is the torque on the paddle in g-cm and Bc is the slurry consistency in API
consistency units designated by Bc. The thickening time of the slurry is defined as
the time required to reach a consistency of 100 Bc. This value is felt to be
representative of the upper limit of pumpability.
Cement Consistometer
API Tests for Cementing
02 . 20
2 . 78
=
T
B
c
Well Design Spring 2012
Prepared by: Tan Nguyen
Consistometer for simulating down-
hole conditions
Consistometer for simulating
atmosphere conditions
Cement Consistometer
API Tests for Cementing
Well Design Spring 2012
Prepared by: Tan Nguyen
Typical
thickening time
test output
Cement Consistometer
API Tests for Cementing
Well Design Spring 2012
Prepared by: Tan Nguyen
The torque required to hold the paddle assembly stationary in a cement
consistometer rotating at 150 rpm is 520 g-cm. Compute the slurry consistency.
Cement Consistometer
API Tests for Cementing
units y consistenc
T
B
c
22
02 . 20
2 . 78 520
02 . 20
2 . 78
=
=
Well Design Spring 2012
Prepared by: Tan Nguyen
Cement permeameter is an apparatus for measuring the permeability of a
core sample. The permeability of a set cement core to water is determined by
measuring the flow rate through the core at a given pressure differential across the
length of the core. The permeability then is computed using an appropriate form of
Darcys law:
Where K(mD) is the permeability, q(mL/s) is the flow rate, (cp) is the water
viscosity, L(cm) is the sample length, A(cm
2
) is the sample cross-sectional area,
and AP(psi) is the differential pressure.
Cement Permeameter
API Tests for Cementing
P A
L q
K
A
=
700 , 14
Well Design Spring 2012
Prepared by: Tan Nguyen
Cement Permeameter
API Tests for Cementing
Well Design Spring 2012
Prepared by: Tan Nguyen
A class E cement core having a length of 2.54 cm and a diameter of 2.865 cm
allows a water flow rate of 0.0345 mL/s when placed under a pressure differential
of 20 psi. A second core containing 40% silica cured in a similar manner allows only
0.00345 mL/s of water to flow under a pressure differential of 200 psi. Compute the
permeability of the two cement samples.
Cement Permeameter
API Tests for Cementing
Well Design Spring 2012
Prepared by: Tan Nguyen
Cement Permeameter
API Tests for Cementing
P A
L q
K
A
=
700 , 14
( )( )( )
( ) ( )
mD K 10
20 865 . 2
4
54 . 2 0 . 1 0345 . 0
700 , 14
2
1
= =
t
( )( )( )
( ) ( )
mD K 1
200 865 . 2
4
54 . 2 0 . 1 00345 . 0
700 , 14
2
2
= =
t
Well Design Spring 2012
Prepared by: Tan Nguyen
The compressive strength of the set
cement is the compressional force
required to crush the cement divided
by the cross-sectional area of the
sample.
Strength Testing Machine Compressive Strength Test
API Tests for Cementing