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WAN Technologies
Based on
CCNA 4 v3.1 Slides
Compiled & modified by C. Pham
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Wide-area Networks (WANs)
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Metropolitan-Area Network (MANs)
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Path Determination
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Internetworking
Any internetwork must include the following:
Consistent end-to-end addressing
Addresses that represent network topologies
Best path selection
Dynamic or static routing
Switching
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Router: core of WAN technologies
Routers send packets from one
interface/network to another
cisco
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WAN Topology
Star Topology Full-Mesh Topology
Partial-Mesh Topology
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Router Internal Components
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Router Internal Components
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Internal Components of a 2600 Router
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External Connections on a 2600 Router
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Router External Connections
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Computer or Terminal Console
Connection
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Modem Connection to Console or
Auxiliary Port
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WAN Technology
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WAN Service Providers
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Physical Layer: WANs
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WAN Types
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Router Serial WAN Connectors
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DCE Serial Connections
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WAN Line Types and Bandwidth
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CSU/DSU
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Modem Transmission
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WAN Standards
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WAN Encapsulation
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WAN Data-Link Protocols
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Circuit Switching
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Packet Switching
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WAN Link Options
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WAN Link Options
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Analog Dialup
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ISDN
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ISDN
Router with
standard serial
interface,
connected to a
terminal adapter
Router with native
ISDN BRI U or S/T
interface or PRI
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Leased Line
Leased lines are not only used to provide direct
point-to-point connections between Enterprise
LANS, they can also be used to connect
individual branches to a packet switched
network.
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WAN with X.25
X.25 provides a low bit rate,
shared-variable capacity that
may either be switched or
permanent
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Frame Relay
Most Frame Relay connections are based on PVCs rather
than SVCs.
It implements no error or flow control. This leads to
reduced latency.
Frame Relay provides permanent shared medium
bandwidth connectivity that carries both voice and data
traffic.
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ATM
Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM) is a
technology capable of transferring voice, video,
and data through private and public networks.
It is built on a cell based architecture rather than
on a frame-based architecture.
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DSL
DSL uses existing twisted-pair telephone lines to
transport high-bandwidth data
DSL service is considered broadband, as it uses
multiple frequencies within the same physical
medium to transmit data
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ADSL Technology
Splitter
The local loop connects the splitter to the DSLAM
DSLAM connected to ISP using ATM technology
Voice and data use separate frequency ranges
(voice 0-4Khz, data 20Khx 1Mhz)
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Cable Modem
Enhanced Cable Modems enable two-
way. High speed data transmissions
using the same coaxial lines that
transmit cable television.
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Cable Data Network Architecture
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Modern WAN
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WANs Operate at the Lower Three
Levels of the OSI Model
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Comparing WAN Traffic Types
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Steps In WAN Design
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Three-Layer Design Model
The links connecting the various sites in an
area that provide access to the enterprise
network are called the access links or
access layer of the WAN.
Traffic between areas is distributed by the
distribution links, and is moved onto the
core links for transfer to other regions,
when necessary.
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Advantages of the Hierarchical Approach
Scalability: networks can grow without sacrificing
control or manageability
Ease of Implementation: clear functionality at each
layer
Ease of troubleshooting: Isolation of problems in the
network is easier
Predicatability network modelling and caapacity
plannng easier
Protocol Support: mixing current and future
applications and protocols is easier
Manageability: all the above improve the
manageability of the network
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Internet for WAN Connectivity
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One-Layer Hierarchy
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Using the Internet as an Enterprise WAN
Enterprise WANs will have
connections to the Internet.
This poses security problems but also provides an
alternative for inter-branch traffic.
VPN technologies can solve security issues
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TCP/IP Model
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Encapsulation
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Summary