IAL ASPECT

Used in the construction of instrument flight

procedures.

Safeguard an aircraft from collision risk with
obstacles when flying on instruments.

Infringement of PANS-OPS surfaces could
raise the minimum safe altitudes of the
aerodrome instrument flight procedures.

This could have an adverse effect on the
regularity of aircraft operations.

AGA (Aerodrome&Ground Aids)

CNS (Communication, Navigation
&Surveillance)

IAL (Instrument Approach Letdown)

o AGA- VFR Flights/Visual Approaches


o CNS- Uninterrupted signal from CNS Aids


o IAL- IFR Flights
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A series of predetermined manoeuvres

by reference to flight instruments

with specified protection from obstacles from the
initial approach fix, or where applicable, from the
beginning of a defined arrival route to a point from
which a landing can be completed and

thereafter, if a landing is not completed, to a
position at which holding or en-route obstacle
clearance criteria apply.

1. What is IAL procedure?
IAL Procedure are
designed as per the
criteria laid down in
DOC 8168-Vol. II

Obstacle Clearance is
the Primary
consideration

Contingency Procedures
are the responsibility of
the operators
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Aeronautical charts
used:

Grid Map
Zoning Map
30NM Chart
AIP En-route chart
Chart showing
significant obstacles
Approach Chart
Survey of India sheets
Latest NOC printout

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The weather limits of usability of an aerodrome
for either Take-off or Landing expressed in
terms of

VISIBILITY OR RVR, AND

MINIMUM DECISION ALTITUDE/HEIGHT.
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Types of Instrument Approach Procedures
PRECISION
APPROACH
NON PRECISION
APPROACH


PRECISION ILS, MLS



NON-PRECISION VOR,
VOR-DME,LLZ,NDB,SRA etc.
DA IS CONSIDERED FOR
PRECISION APPROACH






MDA IS CONSIDERED FOR
NON-PRECISION APPROACH
ALTITUDE CONSIDERED FOR IAL

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Instrument Approach Procedure segments:
1. Arrival Route
2. Initial Approach Segment
3. Intermediate Approach Segment
4. Final Approach Segment
5. Missed Approach Segment
6. In addition, an area for Visual Circling
is considered
MINIMUM SECTOR ALTITUDE (MSA)
MINIMUM HOLDING ALTITUDE(MHA)
MINIMUM VECTORING ALTITUDE
INITIAL APPROACH ALTITUDE
INTERMEDIATE APPROACH ALTITUDE
OCA/H FOR STRAIGHT-IN & CIRCLING
MINIMUM IFR ALTITUDE

Clearances vary from 250 ft to 2000ft

250 FT- FINAL APPROACH

500 FT-INTERMEDIATE APPROACH

1000FT-REST ALL

2000FT- HILLY AREAS
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Most critical and least flexible, identified
first
Alignment and Descent for landing are
accomplished
Begins at FAF/FAP
Terminates at MAPt
Segment for Straight-in and Circling
Approach

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Most critical and least flexible, identified
first
Alignment and Descent for landing are
accomplished
Begins at FAF/FAP
Terminates at MAPt
Segment for Straight-in and Circling
Approach

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For Straight-in approach the angle formed
by the final approach track and runway
centre line shall not exceed:
30
0
for Cat A/B aircraft
15
0
for other categories
Minimum Distance-the distance between
runway threshold and the point at which
final approach track intersects the runway
centre line shall not be less than 1400M
MOC: 295 Ft and 246 Ft
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>= 1400M
Cat A/B < = 30
Cat C/D/E <= 15
Runway
NDB/
VOR
FAT
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>= 1400M
Runway
NDB/
VOR
FAT
<= 150M
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Blends the Initial Approach Segment with
the Final Approach Segment
Normally flat and maximum descent
gradient of 5%,
Flat segment of 1NM (Cat A/B) and 1.5NM
(Cat C/D) provided
MOC 150M (492 Feet)
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Types of Initial Approach Segment:
VOR Radial/NDB Bearing
Radar Vector
DME-ARC
Base turn or Procedure turn
Descent in Holding
MOC 300M (984 Feet)
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Missed approach is initiated at MAPt:
Precision approach DA/H
Non-Precision approach
Facility/Fix/Threshold
Three phases of Missed approach
Initial
Intermediate
Final
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When Straight-in
criteria are not
fulfilled, visual
circling procedure is
designed

Obstacle in the visual
circling area are
considered.





5.22nm
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2250 M
4000 M
PLAN VIEW
PROFILE VIEW
Approach Surface
45M
150 M
Approach Surface
VOR/NDB FINAL APPROACH PATH
Is THE AIRCRAFT FLYING VERY CLOSE TO OBSTACLES?