R. Atika Fitria P.

XII IPA 4
Gerund
Past Participle
In linguistics, the term "gerund" denotes certain
types of non-finite verb forms in various languages.
As applied to English, it refers to the use of a verb (in
its -ing form) as a noun (for example, the verb
"learning" in the sentence "Learning is an easy
process for some


Gerund



In English, the gerund is identical in form to the present
participle (ending in -ing) and can behave as a verb within a
clause (so that it may be modified by an adverb or have an
object), but the clause as a whole (sometimes consisting of only
one word, the gerund itself) acts as a noun within the larger
sentence. For example: Eating this cake is easy.
In "Eating this cake is easy," "eating this cake," although
traditionally known as a phrase, is referred to as a non-finite
clause in modern linguistics. "Eating" is the verb in the clause,
while "this cake" is the object of the verb. "Eating this cake"
acts as a noun phrase within the sentence as a whole, though;
the subject of the sentence is the non-finite clause, specifically
eating.

Other examples of the gerund:
I like fcking. (direct object)
Swimming is fun. (subject)
I never gave swimming all that much effort.
(indirect object)
Gerund clauses:
She is considering having a holiday.
Do you feel like going out?
I can't help falling in love with you.
I can't stand not seeing you.


Not all nouns that are identical in form to the
present participle are gerunds. The formal
distinction is that a gerund is a verbal noun a
noun derived from a verb that retains verb
characteristics, that functions simultaneously as a
noun and a verb, while other nouns in the form of
the present participle (ending in -ing) are deverbal
nouns, which function as common nouns, not as
verbs at all. Compare:
I like fencing. (gerund, an activity, could be
replaced with "to fence")
The white fencing adds to the character of the
neighborhood. (deverbal, could be replaced with
an object such as "bench")


Double nature of the gerund


As the result of its origin and development, the gerund has nominal
and verbal properties. The nominal characteristics of the gerund are
as follows:
The gerund can perform the function of subject, object and
predicative:
Smoking endangers your health. (subject)
I like making people happy. (object)
The gerund can be preceded by a preposition:
I'm tired of arguing.
Like a noun the gerund can be modified by a noun in the possessive
case, a possessive adjective, or an adjective:
I wonder at John's keeping calm.
Is there any objection to my seeing her?
Brisk walking relieves stress.











The verbal characteristics of the gerund include the
following:
The gerund of transitive verbs can take a direct
object:
I've made good progress in speaking Basque.
The gerund can be modified by an adverb:
Breathing deeply helps you to calm down.
The gerund has the distinctions of aspect and voice.
Having read the book once before makes me more
prepared.
Being deceived can make someone feel angry.



Verb patterns with the gerund
Verbs that are often followed by a gerund include admit, adore,
anticipate, appreciate, avoid, carry on, consider, contemplate, delay, deny,
describe, detest, dislike, enjoy, escape, fancy, feel, finish, give, hear,
imagine, include, justify, listen to, mention, mind, miss, notice, observe,
perceive, postpone, practice, quit, recall, report, resent, resume, risk, see,
sense, sleep, stop, suggest, tolerate and watch. Additionally, prepositions
are often followed by a gerund.

For example:
I will never quit smoking.
We postponed making any decision.
After two years of analyzing, we finally made a decision.
We heard whispering.


Verbs followed by a gerund or a to-infinitive
With little change in meaning
advise, recommend and forbid:
These are followed by a to-infinitive when there is an object as well, but by a
gerund otherwise.
The police advised us not to enter the building, for a murder had occurred. (Us is the
object of advised.)
The police advised against our entering the building. (Our is used for the gerund
entering.)
consider, contemplate and recommend:
These verbs are followed by a to-infinitive only in the passive or with an object
pronoun.
People consider her to be the best. She is considered to be the best.
I am considering sleeping over, if you do not mind.




begin, continue, start; hate, like, love, prefer
With would, the verbs hate, like, love, and prefer are usually followed by
the to-infinitive.
I would like to work there. (more usual than working)
When talking about sports, there is usually a difference in meaning
between the infinitive and gerund (see the next section).
With a change in meaning
like, love, prefer
In some contexts, following these verbs with a to-infinitive when the
subject of the first verb is the subject of the second verb provides more
clarity than a gerund.
I like to box. (I enjoy doing it myself.)
I like boxing. (Either I enjoy watching it, I enjoy doing it myself, or the idea
of boxing is otherwise appealing.)
I do not like gambling, but I do like to gamble."
dread, hate and cannot bear:



These verbs are followed by a to-infinitive when talking subjunctively
(often when using to think), but by a gerund when talking about general
dislikes.

I dread / hate to think what she will do.
I dread / hate seeing him.
I cannot bear to see you suffer like this. (You are suffering now.)
I cannot bear being pushed around in crowds. (I never like that.)

forget and remember:
When these have meanings that are used to talk about the future from
the given time, the to-infinitive is used, but when looking back in time,
the gerund.
She forgot to tell me her plans. (She did not tell me, although she should
have.)
She forgot telling me her plans. (She told me, but then forgot having done
so.)
I remembered to go to work. (I remembered that I needed to go to work


Gerunds and present participles

Insofar as there is a distinction between gerunds and present participles,
it is generally fairly clear which is which. The subject or object of a
preposition is a gerund. If, on the other hand, the word modifies a noun
attributively or absolutely, it is a participle. The main source of confusion
is when the word follows a verb, in which case it may be a predicate
adjective and hence a participle, or a direct object or predicate
nominative and hence a gerund. In this case, a few transformations can
help distinguish the cases.

In the table that follows, ungrammatical sentences are marked with
asterisks, per common linguistic practice; it should be noted that the
transformations all produce grammatical sentences with similar
meanings when applied to sentences with gerunds but either
ungrammatical sentences, or sentences with completely different
meanings, when applied to sentences with participles.

Past Participle
Past participles are used for all perfect tense
forms of a verb and in the passive voice in
English.
For regular verbs, we normally add ED to form
its past participle. Unfortunately for irregular
verbs there are no rules and it is just a matter
of practice.
The highlighted words below are examples of
past participles:




1. Present Perfect
She hasn't finished her assignment yet.
I still haven't found my keys.
2. Past perfect
Chris was ill because he had eaten too much
chocolate.
She missed the bus because she hadn't set her alarm.
3. Future perfect
Jamie will have been in Australia for one year in April.

4. Conditional perfect
If his passport had not
been stolen, Adam
would have gone to
Brazil.
I wouldn't have known
if you hadn't told me.

5. Passive Voice
The west coast of The
USA was struck by
torrential rain last night.
The painting was stolen
in the middle of the
night.


Participles as adjectives
Past Participles can also be used like an adjective in
front of a noun:
The stolen baby was found by the police unharmed.
Dean's broken arm was set in plaster by the doctor
at the hospital.
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