Plastic Collapse Beam in

Bending
M=Px/2
V=P/2

Elastic Stress Distributions
Bending
Shear
t
b
o
x
=My/I
zz
t
xy
=Vq/bI
zz
Post-yield Behaviour Elastic
Perfectly Plastic Material
M
o
o

o
o

Curvature
b
Strain Distribution
-c
c
c
c

c
c
M
b
Stress Distribution
o
o

o
o

Ramberg-Osgood
(Elastic-plastic Material)
Stress-Strain Relationship
M
Stress Distribution
n
K E
1
|
.
|

\
|
+ =
o o
c
Strain Distribution
Fully-Plastic Moment
Equilibrium of x-section
d=h/2
o
o
o
o
M
o
F=o
o
bh/2
M
o
=(o
o
bh/2)(h/2)
= o
o
bh
2
/4
b
h
Maximum Elastic Moment
F
c
F
t
2h/3
F
c
=

F
t
=(o
o
/2)bh/2
M=

F
t
d = (o
o
bh/4)(2h/3)= o
o
bh
2
/6
h/2
o
o
o
o
Section and Plastic Modulus
b
h
z z
S
zz
= bh
2
/6

Z
zz
= bh
2
/4
= 1.5 S
zz


Rectangular x-section
S
zz
Z
zz
Progression of Yield Yone
Leading to Fully Plastic Hinge and Collapse
Stresses reach Yield Magnitude
at extreme fibres


Yield Zones spreads towards
Neutral axis

Yield Zones join, are now
spread through entire x-section


Plastic Hinge causes structural
collapse
Elastic-Fully Plastic Moment
Irregular X-section
to maintain equilibrium, net force is zero
( )dy ty ce dis area stress dM o = = ) tan )( )( (
}

=
1
2
c
c
dy ty M o
}

= =
1
2
0
c
c
dy t P o
Plastic Torsion: Elastic-plastic material
Stress-strain behaviour in torsion
(a) Assume strains are small, plane section remain plane
during deformation.

(b) Assume shafts have circular x-section: cylinder or tube
(derivations not valid for non-circular x-section)

(c) Stress-strain curve in torsion can then be approximated
from uniaxial stress-strain curve
t

c

For Pure Shear
0 ,
3 2 1
= = = o t o o
xy
0 ,
2
3 2 1
= = = c

c c
xy
( )
( )
xy xy xy
f
v G
v
t t 3 3
1 2
1 2
+
+

=
n
K E
1
|
.
|

\
|
+ =
o o
c
Ramberg-Osgood material
n
xy xy
xy
K G
1
3
3
|
|
.
|

\
|
+ =
t t

n
xy xy
xy
H G
1
|
|
.
|

\
|
+ =
t t

( ) 2 / 1
3
+
=
n
K
H
n
K E
1
|
.
|

\
|
+ =
o o
c
Uniaxial Tension Pure Shear
Residual Stresses
(a) Zero Load - Intial Condition
(b) Maximum Load, M
o
>M>M
y
(c) Zero Load - Unloaded, Plastically Deformed
Residual Stress Distribution
Residual Stress development
Elastic-Perfectly Plastic Material
Special Case: Un-loading after Fully Plastic Loading
Stress distributions through rectangular x-section
(a) Stress at fully plastic load
(b) Stress change during unloading
(c) Net residual stress in un-loaded condition
Summary
The collapse load of a structure is reached
when the x-section forms a number of fully
plastic hinges sufficent to create a
mechanism.
Unloding from a plastically deformed state
leaves residual stresses in the material
The residual stresses are tensile where the
yield was compressive and vice versa.
The x-section remains in equilibrium; i.e.,
the product of residual stresses and area
over which they act is zero.