Why conventional AGC structure fails in a Smart grid

scenario.
Tools which the new AGC structure uses to combat the
challenges.
New AGC structure . ( Control diagram )
Cyber Architecture for the New AGC structure.
Challenges for the new AGC structure.



Smart power grids have great penetration of Renewable
energy resources in the generation sector.
Although this provides clean energy , brings the sustainability
factor also brings the intermittency factor.
Sudden cloud cover or sudden storms cause sudden drop in
their power generations which are of greater deviation and
more sudden compared to general load variations
The secondary control of the AGC and the supplementary
control have found wanting in these scenarios.
ACE is a vital indicative of the power imbalance and value is
used by the new AGC structure to provide effective control.


ACE of an ISO with a sampling rate of 5s. Rapid ACE change
occurs during sudden loss of INGs.










A threshold of ACE can be set to detect a ING loss and bring
in fast reserves. Conventionally Gas fired units are used for
this.
Demand Response : Demand response (DR) traditionally
refers to the ability to curtail some electrical load at peak times
to alleviate the need for peaking generation resources .
Good candidates for demand dispatch include dish washers,
washers and dryers, electric hot water heaters, HVAC system
with thermal storage, battery chargers, Plug- in- vehicles and
some aspect of refrigeration operation.
Much of the recent interest in DR, particularly in areas with
organized regional wholesale power market, has focused on
price responsive demand (PRD).
Numerous analysis of customer response to dynamic pricing
and DR programs have reported that consumers on average
respond when facing retail price signals that vary from their
standard rates.

Smart meters provide the consumers with their current usage
of electricity and current tariff being applied to their usage.
During peak loads and sudden intermittencies of INGs the
consumers participate in voluntary load shedding or the ISO
can curtail their critical loads with an incentive tariff to
appease them.


Pumped Hydro Energy Storage
Compressed Air Energy Storage
Battery Energy Storage
Superconducting Magnetic Energy Storage (SMES)
Super Capacitor Energy Storage
Fly Wheel Energy Storage
Thermal Energy Storage System
Hydrogen Energy Storage system

AGC must adopt distinct decision and control strategies to
cope with the low- and high-frequency load fluctuations. By
modeling the load dynamic trends using the one-step-ahead
load model, both high- and low-frequency load fluctuations
can be controlled by judicious selection of AGC assets. The
idea behind this methodology is based on system identification
using a recursive sample of observations Y(k) and identifying
the underlying process model and its parameters. The load
observed sequence corresponds to stochastic processes and is
produced by an autoregressive moving average (ARMA)
model.

The new AGC structure to overcome the drawback of
intermittency in smart power grids. Also the new AGC has a
cyber architecture to accommodate intermittency of INGs
One-step-ahead load forecast for valve point control of CPS
assets.
Optimal dynamic load control of VPS units to follow a one-
step-ahead load target.
The distributed community storage (DCS) together with load
dynamic response (DR) and aggregated DRs as virtual
generator (DR/VG) assets are used to control high-frequency
load fluctuations.
The INGs and nuclear units are used as base loads.
The research problems are as follows:

i) A cyber-power grid system that can monitor the state of
power grid.

ii) Online gross dynamic models of boilers.

iii) A smart power grid AGC simulator for operator training.
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