CH2 Poweramp Student

CHAPTER 2
POWER AMPLIFIERS
BENE 2163
ELECTRONIC SYSTEMS
Copyright 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.
Electronic Devices and Circuit Theory, 10/e
Robert L. Boylestad and Louis Nashelsky
Outline
Introduction

Efficiency

Series Fed Class A Amplifier
DC bias operation
AC Operation
Power Consideration

Class Coupling Power Amplifier
Transformer Action
Operation of Amplifier Stage

Class B Amplifier Operation

Class B Amplifier Circuit
Transformer Coupled Push Pull Circuits
Complementary Symmetry Circuits

Power Transistor Heat Sinks
2
Introduction
3
Definitions
In small-signal amplifiers the main factors are:

Amplification
Linearity
Gain

Since large-signal, or power, amplifiers handle relatively large
voltage signals and current levels, the main factors are:

Efficiency
Maximum power capability
Impedance matching to the output device
4
Amplifier Types
Class A
The amplifier conducts through the full 360 of the input. The Q-point is
set near the middle of the load line.

Class B
The amplifier conducts through 180 of the input. The Q-point is set at
the cutoff point.

Class AB
This is a compromise between the class A and B amplifiers. The
amplifier conducts somewhere between 180 and 360 . The Q-point is
located between the mid-point and cutoff.
Class C
The amplifier conducts less than 180 of the input. The Q-point is located
below the cutoff level.

Class D
This is an amplifier that is biased especially for digital signals.

5
Amplifier Types
6
Power
Amplifier
Circuit
(Power
transistor)
Input
Output
Class A Amplifier
The output of a class A amplifier
conducts for the full 360 of the
cycle.

The Q-point is set at the middle of
the load line so that the AC signal
can swing a full cycle.
7
Remember that the DC load line
indicates the maximum and minimum
limits set by the DC power supply.
Fig. 12.1: Amplifier operating classes
Class B Amplifier
A class B amplifier output
only conducts for 180 or
one-half of the AC input
signal.
The Q-point is at 0V on the
load line, so that the AC
signal can only swing for
one-half cycle.
8
Class AB Amplifier
This amplifier is a compromise between the
class A and class B amplifierthe Q-point
is above that of the Class B but below the
class A.

The output conducts between 180 and
360 of the AC input signal.
9
Class C
The output of the class C
conducts for less than 180 of the
AC cycle. The Q-point is below
cutoff.
10
Amplifier Efficiency
Efficiency refers to the ratio of output to input power. The lower the amount
of conduction of the amplifier the higher the efficiency.
11
Table 12.1: Comparison of amplifier classes
Series-Fed Class A Amplifier
This is similar to the
small-signal amplifier
except that it will handle
higher voltages. The
transistor used is a high-
power transistor.
12
Fig. 12.2: Series-fed class A large-signal
amplifier
DC Bias Operation:
A small input signal
causes the output voltage
to swing to a maximum of
V
cc
and a minimum of 0V.
The current can also
swing from 0mA to I
CSAT

(V
CC
/R
C
)
13
AC Operation:
Fig. 12.4: Amplifier input and output signal variation
The power into the amplifier is from the DC supply. With no input
signal, the DC current drawn is the collector bias current, I
CQ
.

CQ CC i(dc)
I V P =
Output Power
C
C(rms)
2
o(ac)
R
V
P =
C
p) - CE(p
2
o(ac)
8R
V
P =
Input Power
or

100
P
P
%
i(dc)
o(ac)
=
Efficiency:
14
25% 100
P
P
%
i(dc)max
o(ac)max
(max)
= = q
Maximum Efficiency:
Example 12.1 (Method 1 - calculation)
Calculate the input power, output power, and efficiency of the
amplifier circuit in Fig. 12.5 for an input voltage that results in a
base current of 10mA peak.

15
Fig. 12.5: Operation of a series-fed circuit for Example12.1
Example 12.1 (Method 2 - Graphical)

16
Example 12.1 summary

17
Results Comparison Method 1
(Calculation)
Method 2 (Graphical) Simulation (OrCAD)
I
BQ
19.3mA 19.3mA 19.33mA
I
CQ
482.5mA 480mA 488.9mA
Input power (P
i(dc)
) 9.65W 9.6W 9.45W
I
B(p)
10mA
(given)
10mA (given) 10mA (given)

I
C(p)
= I
C(max)
I
CQ
@
[I
C(max)
I
C(min)
]/2
250mA 730m 480m = 250mA
@
[730m 230m]/2 = 250mA
[717.676m 225.337m]/2
= 246.17mA
V
CE(p)
= V
CE(max)
V
CEQ
@
[V
CE(max)
V
CE(min) )
]/2

[16-6]/2 = 5V

[15.501 5.6576] /2 =
4.9217V
Output power (P
o(ac)
) 0.625W 0.625W 0.61W
Efficiency (q%) 6.5% 6.5% 6.4%
Transformer-Coupled Class A Amplifier
This circuit uses a
transformer to couple to
the load. This improves
the efficiency of the Class
A to 50%.
18
Fig. 12.6: Transformer-coupled audio
power amplifier

A transformer improves the efficiency because it is able to transform
the voltage, current, and impedance

Voltage Ratio

Current Ratio

Impedance Ratio
Transformer Action Review
1
2
1
2
N
N
V
V
=
2
1
1
2
N
N
I
I
=
2
2
2
1
2
1
L
L
a
N
N
R
R
R
R
=
|
|
.
|
\
|
= =
'
19
Fig. 12.6: Transformer-coupled audio
power amplifier
Example 12.2
Calculate the effective resistance seen looking into the primary of a
15:1 transformer connected to an 8 load.

20
Example 12.3
What transformer turns ratio is required to match a 16 speaker
load so that the effective load resistance seen at the primary is
10k.

21
DC Load Line

As in all class A amplifiers
the Q-point is established
close to the midpoint of the
DC load line.

AC Load Line

The saturation point (I
Cmax
)
is at V
cc
/R'
L
and the cutoff
point is at V
2
(the secondary
voltage of the transformer).
This increases the maximum
output swing because the
minimum and maximum
values of I
C
and V
CE
are
spread further apart.
22
Fig. 12.8: Load lines for class A transformer-
coupled amplifier
The voltage swing:
8
) I )(I V (V
P
Cmin Cmax CEmin CEmax
o(ac)

=
Signal Swing and Output AC Power
The AC power:
The current swing:
min CE max CE ) p p ( CE
V V V =
min C max C
I I
23
Example 12.4
Calculate the ac power
delivered to the 8 speaker
for the circuit of Fig. 12.10.
The circuit component
values result in a dc base
current of 6mA, and the
input signal (Vi) results in a
peak base current swing of
4mA.

24
Fig. 12.10: Transformer-coupled class A amplifier
for Example 12.4
I
B
=12mA
I
B
=2mA
I
B
=4mA
I
B
=6mA
I
B
=8mA
I
B
=10mA
V
CE
(V)
I
C
(mA)
4 2 6 8 14 16 18 20 12
150
50
100
200
250
300
350
0 10
Efficiency
Power input from the DC source:
CQ CC i(dc)
I V P =
o(ac) i(dc) Q
P P P =
2
CEmin CEmax
CEmin CEmax
V V
V V
50 %
|
|
.
|
\
|
+
=
Maximum efficiency:
Power dissipated as heat across the transistor:
Note: The larger the input and output signal, the
lower the heat dissipation.
Note: The larger V
CEmax
and smaller V
CEmin
, the
closer the efficiency approaches the theoretical
maximum of 50%.
27
Example 12.5
For the circuit of Fig. 12.10 and results of Example 12.4, calculate
the dc input power, power dissipated by the transistor, and
efficiency of the circuit for the input signal of Example 12.4.

28
Example 12.6
Calculate the efficiency of a transformer-coupled class A amplifier
for a supply of 12V and outputs of:

a) V(p) = 12V
b) V(p) = 6V
c) V(p) = 2V

29
Summary

30
Example 12.1: q = 6.5 % (Series Class A)

Example 12.5: q = 35.71% (Transformer-Coupled Class A)

Announcement!
Test 1
Date : 3
rd
April 2013 (Wednesday)
Time : 8.00 9.30 pm
Venue : UTeM Hall (Dewan Besar)

31
Class A Amplifier Summary

32
Q-point set at the middle of the load line

Conduction angle - 360

Maximum output swing = Vcc/2

Maximum efficiency for series class A amplifier = 25%

Maximum efficiency for transformer-coupled class A amplifier = 50%

DC loadline DC analysis, I
CQ
, V
CEQ
, I
c(sat)
and V
CE(cutoff)

AC loadline AC analysis, slope =

Output (ac) current swing and output (ac) voltage swing

Calculation and graphical method

Pi(dc), Po(ac) , q% and P
Q
L R
'
1

Class B Amplifier
A class B amplifier output
only conducts for 180 or
one-half of the AC input
signal.
The Q-point is at 0V on the
load line, so that the AC
signal can only swing for
one-half cycle.
33
Class B Amplifier
In class B, the transistor is
biased just off. The AC signal
turns the transistor on.

The transistor only conducts
when it is turned on by one-
half of the AC cycle.

In order to get a full AC cycle
out of a class B amplifier, you
need two transistors:
An npn transistor that provides the
positive half of the AC cycle
A pnp transistor that provides the
negative half.
34
Fig. 12.12: Block representation of
push-pull operation
Class B Amplifier
Input (DC) Power;
|
.
|
\
|
= =
P dc cc dc i
I Vcc I V P
t
2
) (
35
Output (AC) Power;
L
p L
L
p p L
L
rms L
ac o
R
V
R
V
R
V
P
2 8
2
) (
2
) (
2
) (
) (
= = =

100
P
) P
%
) dc ( i
ac ( o
= q
Efficiency;
Power dissipated by output transistors;
) ( ) ( 2 ac o dc i Q
P P P =
Power dissipated by each transistor;
2
2Q
Q
P
P =
Class B Amplifier: Maximum Power Considerations
For maximum power, V
L(p)
=V
CC

L
CC
2
L
CC
CC dc CC i(dc)
R
2V
R
2V
V ) I (maximum V P maximum =
|
|
.
|
\
|
= =
The maximum efficiency of a class B is 78.5%..
100 %
max ) (
max ) (
max
=
dc i
ac o
P
P
q
L
2
CC
o(ac)
2R
V
P maximum =
36
Class B Amplifier: Maximum Power Considerations
L
2
CC
2
2Q
R
2V
P maximum
=
For class B operation, the maximum power dissipated by the output
transistors does not occurs at the maximum power input or output condition.

The maximum power dissipated by the two output transistors occurs when;
CC CC P L
V V
t
2
@ 636 . 0 V
) (
=
37
Maximum power dissipated by output transistors;
Example 12.7
For a class B amplifier providing a 20V peak signal to a 16 load
(speaker) and a power supply of Vcc = 30V, determine the input
power, output power, and circuit efficiency.

38
Example 12.8
For a class B amplifier using a supply of Vcc = 30V and driving a
load of 16, determine the maximum input power, output power,
and transistor dissipation.

39
Example 12.9
Calculate the efficiency of a class B amplifier for a supply voltage of
Vcc = 24V with peak output voltages of:

a) VL(p) = 22V
b) VL(p) = 6V

40
Think-pair-share (floyd)

41
Figure a
Figure b
Think-pair-share (floyd)

42
Figure a
Figure b

43
Figure a
Figure b
CLASS AB POWER AMPLIFIER
44
Transformer-Coupled Push-Pull
Class B Amplifier
The center-tapped
transformer on the input
produces opposite
polarity signals to the
two transistor inputs.

The center-tapped
transformer on the
output combines the two
halves of the AC
waveform together.
45
Fig. 12.15: Push-pull circuit
Class B Amplifier Push-Pull Operation
During the positive
half-cycle of the AC
input, transistor Q
1

(npn) is conducting
and Q
2
(pnp) is off.

During the negative
half-cycle of the AC
input, transistor Q
2

(pnp) is conducting
and Q
1
(npn) is off.
Each transistor produces one-half of an AC cycle. The transformer combines the
two outputs to form a full AC cycle.
46
Fig. 12.15: Push-pull circuit
Crossover Distortion
47
Example 12.10
For the circuit of Fig. 12.19,
calculate the input power, output
power, and power handled by each
output transistor and the circuit
efficiency for an input of 12Vrms.
Assume the amplifier has unity
voltage gain.

48
Fig. 12.19: Class B power amplifier for
Examples 12.10 to 12.12
L
p L
ac o
R
V
P
2
*
) (
2
) (
=
dc cc dc i
I V P =
) (
*
) (
2
*
p L dc
I I
t
=
2 2
*
2
o i
Q
Q
P P
P
P

= =
Example 12.11
For the circuit of Fig. 12.19, calculate the maximum input power,
maximum output power, efficiency for maximum power operation,
and power dissipated by the output transistors at this voltage.

49
L
cc
dc i
R
V
P
t
2
max ) (
2
* =
L
cc
ac o
R
V
P
2
*
2
max ) (
=
) ( ) ( 2
*
ac o dc i Q
P P P =
Example 12.12
For the circuit of Fig. 12.19, determine the maximum power
dissipated by the output transistors and the output voltage at which
this occurs.

50
L
cc
Q
R
V
P
2
2
(max) 2
2
*
t
=
CC L
V V 636 . 0 * =
Heat Sink and Thermal Considerations
The power transistor in power amplifier is subject to dissipating a
large amount of power which is converted to heat and can cause
the transistors junction temperature to rise.

51
D
A J
JA
P
T T
= u *
Thermal resistance (heat transfer from the transistor junction to the ambient);
T
J
= Junction temperature (C)
T
A
= Ambient temperature (C)
P
Q
@P
D
= Power transistor dissipation
Heat Sink and Thermal Considerations
The difference in temperature from the junction temperature T
J
to the ambient
T
A
;

52
) ( *
SA CS JC D A J
P T T u u u + + =
Derating Factor;
JC
DF
u
1
* =
Example (Ali Aminian)

53
PBL ASSIGNMENT
54
1. CHAN CHUN YEW
2. MUHAMMAD KHAIRULANWAR BIN
3. NUR SYAZWANI BINTI MUSTAFA
4. SHAZA FAZIRA EDORA BINTI SHARUIDDIN
5. ALPHONSOS A MASIUS
6. MOHAMAD AZIZI BIN SARUDIN
7. RUTHRABATHI A/L SONTHRUN
8. AMMAR ABDULLAH HUSSEIN AL-HEGAZI
9. MIOW KY LUEN
10. NUR AIN FARHANA BINTI ABD LATIFF
11. AFIQ BIN ZAINAL ABIDIN
12. MOHAMAD IZUAN BIN IBRAHIM
13. NUR IZZATI BINTI ADNAN
14. FOO YOONG KIN
15. KHAIRUL AMAR BIN KHAIRULLAIL
16. MUHAMMAD SHAFFIQ BIN MOHAMMAD ZAKI

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CHAPTER 2

Copyright 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.

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