6/3/2014 1

AUTOMATIC ULTRASONIC COURSE

ISSUED BY : GANZORY
6/3/2014 2
Introduction
This course to be familiar with the
different scanning techniques of
AUT
To be familiar with different AUT
systems
To analysis the different defects
6/3/2014 3
AUT COURSE
Introduction to manual ultrasonic
Introduction to scanning models
Time of flight diffraction
Phased array
Combined techniques
Interpretation of defects
Modern AUT technique

6/3/2014 4
Introduction to manual ultrasonic
Why use ultrasonic for nondestructive
material testing?

Ultrasonic frequency ( 0.5MHZ TO 25MHZ )
Both radiography and ultrasonic tests are
the most frequently for test internal flaws
Ultrasonic can discover volumetric defect
Planner defects can easily discover more
than radiography

6/3/2014 5
2. Ultrasonic testing tasks
Detection of reflectors

Location of reflectors

Evaluation of reflectors

Diagnosis of reflectors (reflector
type, orientation, etc.)
6/3/2014 6
3. Detection of discontinuities
6/3/2014 7
Detection of discontinuities
6/3/2014 8
Detection of discontinuities
6/3/2014 9
Detection of discontinuities
Angle reflection effect
Fig. 10b Tandem testing: center zone
Fig. 10c Tandem testing: lower zone F
Fig. 10a Tandem testing: upper zone F
6/3/2014 10
4. Method of testing and instrument technology
Fig. 12 The principle of
time of flight measurement
Fig. 13 Block diagram:
Pulse Echo Method
6/3/2014 11
Fig. 16a Initial pulse = Start
Fig. 16b after 10 ms
6/3/2014 12
Fig. 17a Beam spot at the 4th scale
graduation
Fig. 17b Beam spot at the 8th scale
graduation
Fig. 18 Backwall echo at the 8th
scale graduation
6/3/2014 13
Fig. 19a Straight-beam probe: initial
pulse delay
Fig. 19b Angle-beam probe: initial
pulse delay
6/3/2014 14
Fig. 20 Test object with
discontinuity, display with
flaw echo
Fig. 21a Discontinuity in
front of the backwall
Fig. 21b Discontinuity near
the surface
6/3/2014 15
Fig. 22 A non-detectable
near-to-surface discontinuity
Fig. 23 Shadowing of the
back-wall echo by a larger
near-to-surface reflector
Fig. 24 Echo sequence of a
near-to-surface discontinuity
6/3/2014 16
Fig. 25 Dead zone: display, test object
6/3/2014 17
Fig. 27 Longitudinal wave
Fig. 29 Transverse wave
6/3/2014 18
a = angle of incidence
b = angle of refraction
c 1 = sound velocity in medium 1
c 2 = sound velocity in medium 2
4.4 Refraction and mode conversion
Fig. 30a Refraction and reflection
without transverse waves
Fig. 30b Refraction and reflection
with transverse waves
6/3/2014 19
Fig. 32a Refraction: 1st critical
angle
Fig. 32b Refraction: transverse
wave under 45
6/3/2014 20
Fig. 32c Refraction:
2nd critical angle,
surface wave
Fig. 32d Total
reflection
Fig. 33 Usable range
for angle-beam
probes in steel
6/3/2014 21

Fig. 36 TR probe on the test object: CRT with
backwall echo

Fig. 37 TR probe on the test object:
discontinuity echo in the cross-talk echo
6/3/2014 22
Fig. 38 Wall thickness
measurement with a digital
thickness gauge in practice
s = sound path [mm]
c = sound velocity [km/s]
t = transit time [ms]
Fig. 39 USK 7: Backwall echo
sequence with a straight-beam probe
1st Echo = t,
2nd Echo = 2t,
3rd Echo = 3t, etc.
Thickness measurement
6/3/2014 23
Fig. 40 Calibration range: 0-10mm
Echo-No
i
Sound path s
i

[mm]
Scale factor k
[mm/scale grad.]
Skalen-position T
i

[scale grad.]
1 25 10 2.5
2 50 10 5.0
3 75 10 7.5
4 100 10 10.0
s
i
= sound path of umpteenth echoes
T
i
= scale position of the umpteenth echo
k= scale factor
Thickness measurements
6/3/2014 24
5.1.3 Calibration with an angle-beam probe
Fig. 48 Different probe angels at V1 block
Fig. 49a Sound path in the V1 block without angle reflection
Fig. 49b Sound path in the V1 block with
angle reflection.
Fig. 47b MWB 45-4E on Calibration Block 2
Fig. 47a WB 60-2E on Calibration Block 1
6/3/2014 25
Fig. 50 Range: 250 mm with a WB 60-2
on V1 block
Fig. 51a Path of a sound wave in a V2
block, radius 50 mm
Fig. 51b Path of a sound wave in a V2
block, radius 25 mm
Fig. 52 Range: 100 mm calibrated on V2,
radius 25 mm.
6/3/2014 26
Fig. 54a The flaw triangle
Fig. 54b Reduced surface distances and x-
value
Fig. 56a The apparent depth
Fig. 56b The real reflector depth after sound
reflection
6/3/2014 27
6. Evaluation of discontinuities
Fig. 57 A large reflector in the sound beam
Fig. 58b Top view with reflector for
extension.
6/3/2014 28
6.2 Evaluation of small discontinuities: The DGS method
Fig. 59 Reflectors with different areas and
their echoes
6/3/2014 29
The echo heights are proportional to
their area or The echo heights are
proportional to the square of their
diameter.
Fig. 60 Reflectors at different depths
and their echoes
The echo heights reduce to the
square of their distance
6/3/2014 30
Fig. 61 Distance amplitude curve of a
2 mm - disk reflector
Fig. 62 Evaluation of a discontinuity
(F) using evaluation curves.
6/3/2014 31
6.4.1 Comparison of echo amplitudes
Fig. 65 Test object with a
flaw: echo at 80%
(reference height)
Fig. 66 Reference block:
reference echo at 30%.
Fig. 67 References block:
reference echo to reference
height
6/3/2014 32
6.4.2 Distance amplitude curve
Fig. 68 Reference block wiht side drilled
holes and resulting echoes
Fig. 69 DAC of the reference echoes (top) and
with time corrected gain (bottom).
6/3/2014 33
A SCAN
Introduction to scanning models
6/3/2014 34
SCANNING TYPES
B SCAN
6/3/2014 35
SCANNING TYPES
C SCAN
6/3/2014 36
SCANNING TYPES
D SCAN
TOFD
6/3/2014 37
SCANNING TYPES
P- SCAN
6/3/2014 38
Time of Flight Diffraction Technique (TOFD)
The following main principles
describe TOFD:

TOFD INTERPRETATION
6/3/2014 40
Time of Flight Diffraction Technique (TOFD)
1 = transmitted wave
2 = reflected wave
3 = through transmitted wave
4 = diffracted wave at upper crack tip
5 = diffracted wave at lower crack tip
1- lateral wave
2 - diffraction signal at upper crack tip
3 - diffraction signal at lower crack tip
4- back wall reflection
6/3/2014 41
Time of Flight Diffraction Technique (TOFD)
6/3/2014 42
Time of Flight Diffraction Technique (TOFD)
TOFD INTERPRETATION
6/3/2014 43
TOFD INTERPRETATION
6/3/2014 44
TOFD INTERPRETATION
6/3/2014 45
TOFD INTERPRETATION
6/3/2014 46
TOFD INTERPRETATION
6/3/2014 47
TOFD INTERPRETATION
6/3/2014 48
TOFD INTERPRETATION
6/3/2014 49
TOFD INTERPRETATION
6/3/2014 50
TOFD INTERPRETATION
6/3/2014 51
TOFD INTERPRETATION
6/3/2014 52
Phased array
6/3/2014 53
Fig. 17a Beam spot at the
4th scale graduation
Fig. 17b Beam spot at the
8th scale graduation
Fig. 18 Backwall echo at
the 8th scale graduation
6/3/2014 54
Topic Two
Details about this topic
Supporting information and
examples
How it relates to your audience
6/3/2014 55
Topic Three
Details about this topic
Supporting information and
examples
How it relates to your audience
6/3/2014 56
Real Life
Give an example or real life
anecdote
Sympathize with the audiences
situation if appropriate
6/3/2014 57
What This Means
Add a strong statement that
summarizes how you feel or think
about this topic
Summarize key points you want
your audience to remember
6/3/2014 58
Next Steps
Summarize any actions required of
your audience
Summarize any follow up action
items required of you