1

The Global Positioning System

&
Its Applications


2
Realization of GPS
Geodesy (Dividing the Earth): Science of Measurements
Related to the Earth.
Includes determination of the Size, Shape, Gravity Field
of Earth.
Accurate mapping of the Earths Surface.
Monitoring the Rotation of the Earth.
Monitoring the Crustal Motions.
Groundbased and Space-based Observation
Techniques for accomplishing these tasks.
GPS is a Space Geodetic Technique.
NAVSTAR GPS
SATELLITE-BASED
RADIO NAVIGATION SYSTEM
- RECORDING FACILITY
- CONTINUOUS SIGNAL
NAVIGATION
POSITIONING
PRECISE TIME
- WORLD-WIDE COVERAGE
- ALL WEATHER OPERATION
- NO LINE OF SIGHT REQUIREMENT
4
GPS SEGMENTS
Colorado Springs
Space Segment
User Segment
Control Segment
5
THE NAVSTAR OPERATIONAL
CONSTELLATION
Global Coverage
Min. 4 Sat. in View
12 hour Circular orbit
Altitude 20200 km
Orbits Inclined @ 55
0
All Weather Operation

24 Satellites in 6 Planes
6
CONTROL SEGMENT
Consists of monitor stations, ground antennas and the
coordinating Master Control Station (or MCS).

7
USER SEGMENT
INCLUDES GPS RECEIVERS
Classification
BASED ON CHANNELS:
- Single Channel Receivers
- Multi-Channel Receivers: 4, 12, 36

BASED ON APPLICATION:
- Hand-held / Military Receivers (~Rs.20,000)
- Surveying & Mapping Receivers (~Rs. 1- 4 Lakh)
- Geodetic Receivers (~Rs. 8-10 Lakh)
- Timing Receivers
- Atomic Clock GPS Receivers
- Real-time DGPS Receivers

8
BASED ON FREQUENCIES
* Single frequency Receivers
* Dual Frequency Receivers

RANGE
- Cost: US$ 15 to US$ 500,000
- Size: 3 mm to few metres
- Accuracy: mm-level to 30 m-level
9
GEODETIC TYPE ANTENNA AND RECEIVER
MAPPING TYPE ANTENNA AND RECEIVER
HAND HELD RECEIVER
10
Different from Normal Triangulation







GPS is triangulation from space
PRINCIPLE OF POSITIONING
WITH GPS
Known Station
Unknown Station
11
PRINCIPLE OF POSITIONING
WITH GPS
R
1
= [(X
S
- X)
2
+ (Y
S
- Y)
2
+ (Z
S
- Z)
2
]
1/2
= C (t
R
- t
t
)
Pseudo Range: PR1= R1+ C t
R ,
t
R:
clock error
S1
S2
S3
S4
P ( X,Y,Z)
R
1

t
t

t
R

(Xs,Ys,Zs)
12
GPS PRODUCTS
STATION POSITION / VELOCITY:
- X, Y, Z
- LAT, LONG, HEIGHT
- EASTING, NORTHING, HEIGHT

OTHER PARAMETERS:
- ORBIT
- CLOCK CORRECTIONS, EARTH ROTATION
PARAMETERS, ATMOSPHERIC MODEL PARAMETERS,
ETC.
13
Global Navigation Satellite System
(GNSS)
GPS (USA)

GLONASS (RUSSIA)

GALILEO (EUROPE)
14
GPS & GLONASS
15
Some General Applications:
Surveying and Mapping
Land Survey
Marine Survey
Geographic Information Systems
Mapping
Seismology
Precise Positioning
16
Surveying and Mapping: GPS Applications
Scientific / Academic Research
17
Surveying and Mapping: GPS Applications
Permanent Monitoring
18
Surveying and Mapping: GPS Applications
Semi-Permanent Base
19
Cellular Communications
20
GPS in Cellular Phones
Bell and Telus (1xRTT)
Motorola V120c
Samsung
Kyocera
AudioVox
Sony Ericsson T608
Rogers (GPRS)
Sony Ericsson T616
(Bluetooth)



21
Avionics
General Aviation
Commercial Aviation
Air Force Aviation

22
Marine
Recreational
Commercial
Tidal Studies
Offshore Drilling
Ship Navigation
23
Military
Army: Infantry, Artillary, Armoured
Navigation
Rugged Handheld Receivers

24
Tracking and Communications
Tracking Systems
Public Transit
Automatic Vehicle Location and Dispatch
Public Safety

25
Plate Motions Estimated from IGS Stations
Global Velocities
Global Velocities of the IGS stations
26
27
Geodetic monitoring of large Engineering structures
Komtar building
(Malaysia)
Hoover Dam
(California)
Three Gorges
Dam (China)
Koyna Dam

28
TRIMBLE 5700 with Zephyr Geodetic
Antenna
TRIMBLE 4000SSi with Choke Ring
Antenna
GPS Data
Collection (Continued)