Nervous System

Central vs. Peripheral Nervous

System
 1. Central Nervous
System (CNS): brain
and spinal cord
 
Central vs. Peripheral Nervous
System
  2. Peripheral Nervous
System (PNS): cranial
nerves, spinal nerves
and ganglia
 * (Ganglion=group of
neuron cell bodies
located outside CNS)
Sensory division vs. Motor division
 1. Sensory Division: receives information FROM
body and transmits it TO the CNS for processing
 a) Somatic Sensory component – receives sensory
information from skin, joints, muscle, special senses
 b) Visceral Sensory component – receives sensory info
from blood vessels and viscera
 2. Motor Division: transmits info FROM the CNS TO
muscles and glands
 a. Somatic motor component: innervates skeletal muscle
 b. Autonomic motor (Autonomic Nervous System):
innervates smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands of
viscera (organs)
NERVOUS TISSUE CELLS
 A. Neurons: respond to
stimuli and conduct
nerve impulses
NERVOUS TISSUE CELLS

 B. Glial Cells: support

and protect neurons
(maintenance)
NEURON COMPOSITION (p 104)

 A. Cell Body:

     B. Nucleus:

     C. Dendrites:
       
     D. Axon:

 E. Synapse:       
NEURON CLASSIFICATION
 1. Sensory (Afferent) Neuron: brings information TO the CNS
 
   2. Motor (Efferent) Neuron: takes information FROM CNS to other parts of the
body, cell body located in CNS
 
    3. Interneuron (Association Neurons): helps coordinate and integrate info
between sensory and motor neurons, cell body located in CNS
GLIAL CELLS - PNS
 A. Satellite Cells:
surround neuron cell
bodies in spinal ganglia
        * (Ganglion=group
of neuron cell bodies
located outside CNS)
  B. Schwann cells:
myelinate axons in PNS
 
Glial Cells - CNS
 C. Astrocytes: regulate transfer of materials from blood
to the brain - help the workings of "blood -brain barrier"

 
 D. Oligodendrocytes: myelinate axons in CNS
 
 E. Microglia: phagocytize damaged neurons
 
 F. Ependymal Cells: line central canal and ventricles -
help circulate cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)
 
MYELINATION OF AXONS

 wrapping an axon with myelin

The Brain
 4 Regions
 Cerebrum
 R & L Hemispheres
 Diencephalon
 Brain Stem
 Cerebellum
Brain – Cerebrum
 Largest Region
 Gyri (twisters) & Sulcus
(grooves)
 Fissures (deep
grooves)
 Longitudinal
(hemispheres)
 Divide Lobes
Brain – Cerebrum (lobes)
 Parietal Lobe
 Somatic sensory area
 “homunculus”
Brain – Cerebrum (lobes)
 Occipital Lobe
 Visual area
Brain – Cerebrum (lobes)
 Temporal Lobe
 Olfactory
 Deep inside
Brain – Cerebrum (lobes)
 Frontal Lobe
 Primary Motor Area
 Speech
 Language
Cerebrum
 Cerebral Gray Matter
(Cortex)
 superficial
 Cerebral White Matter
 deeper
 Corpus Callosum
 connects hemispheres
Diencephalon (interbrain)
 Sits atop brain stem
 Enclosed by cerebrum
 Structures
 Thalamus
 Hypothalamus
 Epithalamus
Diencephalon
 Thalamus
 Relay station from spinal
cord
 Crude impulse
 Pleasant vs. Unpleasant
Diencephalon
 Hypothalmus (“under
the thalmus”)
 ANS (Emotional Visceral
Brain)
 Body Temp, H2O
balance, Metabolism
 Appetites (thirst, hunger)
 Pleasure & Pain
Diencephalon
 Epithalamus
 Pineal body (endocrine
system)
 Choroid plexus
(cerebrospinal fluid)
Brain Stem
 About size of thumb
 Areas
 Midbrain
 Convey impulses
 Pons
 Controls breathing
 Medulla Oblongata
 Heart rate, BP, Swallowing, Vomiting, etc.
Cerebellum
 Convoluted surface
 Precise timing of
Skeletal muscles
 Balance
 “Auto-Pilot”
Protection of Brain
 Meninges
 dura mater (tough
mother)
 arachnoid mater
 pia mater (gentle mother)
 Cerebrospinal Fluid
 Eliminate waste
 Blood-Brain Barrier
 Least-permeable
membrane in body
Spinal Cord
 Aprox. 17 in long
 Continuation of Brain
Stem
 Ends Below ribs
Spinal Cord
 Gray Matter
 Posterior Horns (dorsal)
 Anterior Horns (ventral)
 CSF
 Central Canal
 Protection
 Vertebrae
 Dura mater
 Arachnoid
 Pia mater
Spinal Cord
 Cervical
 Thoracic
 Lumbar
 Sacral
 Coccygeal
Spinal Cord - Cervical
 8 Cervical Nerves C1-
C8
 Diaphragm, Shoulders,
Neck
 Damage may result in:
 Respiratory Paralysis
Spinal Cord - Thoracic
 T1-T12
 Intercostal
Spinal Cord - Lumbar
 L1-L5
 Lower abdomen,
buttocks, anterior &
medial thigh, hip
muscles, skin of thigh
 Damage:
 Inability to flex hip
 Loss of cutaneous
sensation
 Inability to adduct thigh
Spinal Cord – Sacral & Coccygeal
 S1-S5 + Coccygeal
Nerve
 Lateral & posterior
leg/foot, gluteus, lower
trunk
 Damage:
 Inability to extend hip
 Inability to flex knee