CHAPTER 4

Elements, Compounds and

Mixtures
2013 Marshall Cavendish International (Singapore) Private Limited
4.1 Elements

4.2 Compounds

4.3 Mixtures
Elements, Compounds
and Mixtures
Chapter 4
2
Learning Outcomes
define an element;

state the chemical symbols for a number of elements.

At the end of this section, you should be able to:
4.1 Elements
3
It is a pure substance that cannot be broken down
into two or more simpler substances by chemical
processes.
4.1 Elements
What is an Element?
Sugar is not an element.

When heated, it breaks down
into carbon and water
vapour.
Examples: Carbon, copper, oxygen
4
Is Water an Element?
Water is not an element.

It can be broken down into hydrogen and oxygen.

Hydrogen and oxygen are elements.
4.1 Elements
URL
5
Chemical Symbols of Elements
Chemists use chemical symbols to represent
elements.
Each symbol is unique, consisting of one or
two letters.
4.1 Elements
The names and symbols of all known elements are found
in Periodic Table.
Element Symbol

calcium Ca
carbon C
hydrogen H
iron Fe
Element Symbol

mercury Hg
neon Ne
silicon Si
sodium Na
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Element Symbol

Aluminium
Magnesium
Lead
Copper
Nitrogen
Neon
Bromine
Sulfur
Using the Periodic Table, find the symbols
of the following elements.
4.1 Elements
Al
Mg
Pb
Cu
N
Ne
Br
S
7
Classification of Elements
Based on their properties, elements are classified into:
4.1 Elements
metals; e.g. sodium, magnesium, calcium
non-metals; e.g. hydrogen, carbon, chlorine
metalloids. e.g. boron, silicon, germanium,
arsenic
(Metalloids have properties of metals and non-metals.)
8
Differences Between Metals and Non-Metals
4.1 Elements
Properties Metals Metalloids Non-metals

Appearance Shiny (lustrous) Shiny
(lustrous)
Dull (non-
lustrous)
Physical state
at r.t.p.
Mostly solids
(except mercury)
Solids Gases, volatile
liquids or solids
Melting and
boiling points
High (except for
sodium, potassium
and mercury)
High Low (except for
carbon and
silicon)
Heat and
Electrical
Conductivity
Good Moderate Poor (except
carbon in the
form of graphite
and diamond)
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Differences Between Metals and Non-Metals
4.1 Elements
Properties Metals Metalloids Non-metals

Ductility and
Malleability
Ductile (can be
drawn into wires)
Malleable (can be
hammered into
different shapes
without breaking
Sonorous (makes a
ringing sound when
struck)
Brittle (easily
broken when
hammered)
Brittle if solid
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neon atom
Atoms and Molecules
An element is made up of tiny particles called atoms.

Atoms are the smallest particles of an element that have
the chemical properties of that element.

The atoms of an element are different from that of another
element.
4.1 Elements
gold atom
11
A molecule is a group of two or more atoms that
are chemically combined (joined together).
4.1 Elements
Diatomic molecules are those
that are formed by the
combination of two atoms.
E.g. hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen.
Elements like hydrogen, oxygen, ozone and sulfur
exist as molecules.
Atoms and Molecules
12
Polyatomic molecules consists of three or more
atoms that are chemically combined together.
4.1 Elements
Polyatomic Molecules
ozone (O
3
)
phosphorus (P
4
)
sulfur (S
8
)
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4.1 Elements

4.2 Compounds

4.3 Mixtures
Elements, Compounds
and Mixtures
Chapter 4
14
Learning Outcomes
define a compound;

describe the difference between elements and
compounds;

deduce the formula of a compound from the
ratio of elements present.
At the end of this section, you should be able to:
4.2 Compounds
15
What is a Compound?
A compound is a pure substance that contains two
or more elements that are chemically combined in a
fixed ratio.
4.2 Compounds
What are compounds made of?
molecules
ions
water
molecule
sodium
ion
chloride
ion
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Properties of Compounds
Example:
When magnesium is burned, it combines with
oxygen in the air to form a compound called
magnesium oxide.
A compound has different properties from
the elements that form it.
4.2 Compounds

magnesium + oxygen magnesium oxide
shiny grey solid colourless gas white solid
URL 17
Names of Compounds
4.2 Compounds
Each compound has a chemical name indicating
the elements it contains.
Compound Elements present

sodium chloride
sodium, chlorine
carbon dioxide carbon, oxygen
zinc oxide zinc, oxygen
calcium carbonate (marble) calcium, carbon, oxygen
copper(II) sulfate copper, sulfur, oxygen
hydrogen chloride hydrogen, chlorine
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4.2 Compounds
Chemical Formula
A compound can be represented by a chemical
formula.
The chemical formula
shows:

the types of elements
present;

the ratio of the different
atoms present.
Chemical formula for lead(II) nitrate
Pb(NO
3
)
2
Pb

1 lead
atom
(N)
2
1 2 =
2 nitrogen
atoms
(O
3
)
2
3 2 =
6 oxygen
atoms
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Composition of Compounds
Every compound has fixed compositions of
the different elements it contains.
4.2 Compounds
Chemical formula can be deduced by the ratio
of atoms present in a compound.
Compound Chemical formula

Ratio of atoms

hydrogen chloride
HCl H : Cl = 1 : 1
carbon dioxide CO
2
C : O = 1 : 2
carbon monoxide CO C : O = 1 : 1
sulfuric acid H
2
SO
4
H : S : O = 2 : 1 : 4
sulfurous acid H
2
SO
3
H : S : O = 2 : 1 : 3
ethanol C
2
H
5
OH C : H : O = 2 : 6 : 1
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Decomposition of Compounds
In thermal decomposition, heat is used to break down
compounds into elements or simpler compounds.
A chemical reaction is necessary to separate the
elements in a compound.
4.2 Compounds
Compounds can also be broken down by using electricity.
This process is known as electrolysis.
mercury(II)
oxide
mercury
oxygen gas
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4.1 Elements

4.2 Compounds

4.3 Mixtures
Elements, Compounds
and Mixtures
Chapter 4
22
Learning Outcomes
define a mixture;

differentiate between compounds and mixtures.
At the end of this section, you should be able to:
4.3 Mixtures
23
What are Mixtures?
4.3 Mixtures
Examples of mixtures:
petrol
air
muddy water
alloys such as brass, bronze and steel
Mixtures are made up of two or more
substances that are not chemically combined.
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4.3 Mixtures
Types of Mixtures
A mixture can exist as a combination of
two elements;
two compounds;
one element and one compound.
25
Example:
Neon and Hydrogen
4.3 Mixtures
Mixture of Two Elements
Neon is monatomic.

Hydrogen is diatomic.
hydrogen
(H
2
)
neon
(Ne)
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Example:
Water and Carbon dioxide
4.3 Mixtures
Mixture of Two Compounds
A water molecule is made up
of two hydrogen atoms and
one oxygen atom.

A carbon dioxide molecule is
made up of two oxygen atoms
and one carbon atom.
water
(H
2
O)
carbon
dioxide
(CO
2
)
27
Example:
Hydrogen and Ammonia
4.3 Mixtures
Mixture of an Element and a Compound
Hydrogen is an element.

Ammonia is a compound.
Each ammonia molecule
consists of three hydrogen
atoms and one nitrogen
atom.
hydrogen
(H
2
)
ammonia
(NH
3
)
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Differences between Mixture and Compound
4.3 Mixtures
Mixture
Compound
Separation

The components of a mixture
can be separated by physical
processes such as magnetic
separation, filtration or
distillation.
A compound can only be
broken down into its elements
or into simpler compounds by
chemical processes (e.g.
thermal decomposition or
electrolysis).
Properties
The chemical properties of a
mixture are the same as
those of its components.
The physical and chemical
properties of a compound are
different from those of its
constituent elements.
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Differences between Mixture and Compound
4.3 Mixtures
Mixture
Compound
Energy changes
No chemical reaction takes
place when a mixture is
formed usually there is
little or no energy change.
A chemical reaction takes
place when a compound is
formed usually there is an
energy change, e.g. the
reactants get hot or cold.
Composition
The components of a mixture
can be mixed in any
proportion.
The elements in a compound
are always combined in a
fixed proportion.
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4.3 Mixtures
Separation
Example:
Comparing a mixture of iron filings and sulfur
with a compound iron(II) sulfide
Mixture Compound

Can be separated by
physical methods

E.g. In a mixture of iron
filings and sulfur, iron
filings can be separated
with the use of a magnet.
Can only be separated by
chemical methods or by
using electricity
E.g. Iron in iron(II) sulfide
cannot be simply separated
with a magnet.
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4.3 Mixtures
Physical and Chemical Properties
Example:
Comparing a mixture of iron filings and sulfur
with a compound iron(II) sulfide
Mixture Compound

Has the same chemical
properties as its
components

E.g. In a mixture of iron
filings and sulfur, each
component retains their
colour, texture and
magnetic property (iron).
Has different physical and
chemical properties from
those of its components

E.g. Iron(II) sulfide has a
different appearance from
iron filings or sulfur; has no
magnetic property.
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4.3 Mixtures
Energy Change
Example:
Comparing a mixture of iron filings and sulfur
with a compound iron(II) sulfide
Mixture Compound

No chemical reaction
takes place. Little or no
energy change.

E.g. Mixture of iron filings
and sulfur no chemical
change takes place
without heating.
Chemical reaction takes
place. Heat and light
usually given off.

E.g. When a mixture of iron
filings and sulfur is heated,
it glows red hot to form
iron(II) sulfide.
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4.3 Mixtures
Example:
Comparing a mixture of iron filings and sulfur
with a compound iron(II) sulfide
Composition
Mixture Compound

No fixed composition.

E.g. A mixture of iron
filings and sulfur can
have more or less of
each component.
Fixed composition.

E.g. The compound iron(II)
sulfide is formed in the ratio
of iron to sulfur (by mass) of
7:4.
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Concept Map
Elements, Compounds
and Mixtures
Chapter 4
35
Elements, Compounds
and Mixtures
Chapter 4
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