ROOF

FUNCTION
To keep out rain, wind, snow & dust
To prevent excessive heat loss in winter
To keep the interior building cool in summer
Designed to accommodate all stresses
encountered
Designed to accept movement due to changes
in temperature & moisture content
To provide lateral restraint & stability to
adjacent walls
To resist penetration of fire & spread of flame
from external sources
TYPES OF ROOF
Flat Roof
Its not perfectly flat
Must have a slight slope for drainage
Shed Roof
A single slope
Gable Roof
2 slope meeting at ridge. 2 walls extends to
the ridge
Hip Roof
2 gable, pyramid should be considered as a
hip roof

Gambrel Roof
4 slopes in one direction, the typical
barn roof
Mansard Roof
2 gambrels
Basically is to the gambrel what the hip is to
gable
Pitched Roof
drains water
insulates main area of heat loss
support snow load
Shed roof
Hip Roof
Flat Roof & Pitched Roof
Mansard Roof
Gambrel Roof
FLAT ROOF
Its not perfectly flat, slightly slope
which is less than 10.
This roof is been used in hot climates
where water accumulation is not a
problem. (less rain)

Roof whose angle of slope to the
horizontal lies between 10 - 70.
Construction cost for pitched roof is
higher than flat roof and more material
is needed.
Theres bigger space below the roof
than flat roof can be made as attic.
PITCHED ROOF
PITCHED ROOF DESIGN
The slope for pitched roof depends on
the rain (how heavy the rain is,
frequency of the rain) in a year.
In Malaysia, the roof built at West Coast
Malaysia & East Coast Malaysia is
different due to the factor of wind and
rain.

This are the names of some of the
pitched roof elements which been labeled
on previous slide
1. Asphalt Shingles
2. Rafter
3. Ridge
4. Valley Rafter
5. Collar Beam

Ridge
- spine of the roof
- A pitching plate for the rafters that are
nailed to each other through the ridge
board
Collars
- Its an extra ties to give additional
strength & are placed at purlins level

Eaves
- Eaves of a roof is the lowest edge that
overhangs the wall, thus giving the wall
a degree of protection
- Also provides the fixing medium for the
rainwater gutter.
PITCHED ROOF STRUCTURE
Depends on different types roof
structure system, roof structure can
also include the followings:
a) Purlins
b) Rafter
c) Trusses
d) Beams
e) Girders
Beam
- member that span across the openings
& support structure or loading above
them.
- Beam usually in timber, steel &
reinforced concrete.
Purlins
- Act as a beam reducing the span of the
rafter enabling an economic section to
be used
Girder
- A main horizontal or near horizontal
structural member that supports vertical
loads.
- It may consists several pieces.
Rafter
- One of the series of structure of a roof
designed to support roof loads.
- Roof structural failure usually begin
with
rafter deflection or rafter spread.
Beams In Roof Structure
Purlins In Roof Structure

Girder

GIRDER
RAFTER
TRUSS
Roof structures can be formed very
simply using trussed rafters.
These are made from small section
timber and comprise the rafters on
the roof slopes, a horizontal to
support the ceiling, and various
combinations of cross members to
form a frame or truss.

RAFTER
COLLAR
TIE
The members are usually fixed
together using metal plate
connectors.
The trusses are designed and
produced by the manufacturer to
suit the span and profile of a roof.
They are a very cost effective way
of forming roofs of houses and are
often seen on building sites.

Warren Truss
Pratt Truss
Fink Truss
Howe Truss
Types Of Truss

TYPES OF TRUSS
a) Pitched truss
b) Bowstring Truss
c) Flat Truss
King Post Truss
TIE
PRINCIPAL
RAFTER
KING POST
STRUT