Compare Three Approaches for the

same customer characteristics.

• 1,000 ground stations each with 1.2 kB/sec (1,500

Hz B and 15 dB C/N)
• Each station can receive from the other
• Duty cycle is 2%: I.e. the satellite transmitter
average power is given by Per channel power x
1,000 / 50.
• Cost of satellite $3 Million/watt (linear).
• Cost of ground equipment from previous notes.
 Two-way Data Station with Relay
An 11-Meter Station is used to relay data from one 1.2-Meter
(4-foot) station to another. Compare the cost of this relay with
the optimum direct service of a 4.5 Meter service and a direct
1.2 Meter service.
(a) Each station transmits 1,500 Hz Bandwidth with 15 dB C/N.
(b) 4 GHz up-link 6 GHz down-link.
(c) Transponder gain {32 Db EIRP/-84.5 dBw/M2 + 5 dB}
(d) Satellite transmit gain = 32 dB, G/T = 3 dB
(e) Cost of power “saturated” is $ 1 Million / watt
(f) From earlier derivaion:
X = - G’ TRS +4 R *2 + ( GRG/ GRS) – GRG/TRG) +20 log(fD/fU)
G’TRS= 32 + 84.5+5 = 121.5 4 R *2= 163
(GRS/TRS) = 3 dB/deg K 20 log(fD/fU) = -3.5 dB
 4.5 Meter Direct Service
(a) For 4.5M and 150 oK (GRG/TRG) = 21.3 dB
(b) X = -121.5 + 163 + 3 - 21 – 3.5 = 20 dB

(c) (C/N)U = (C/N)T (1+X) = 10*1.5 ( 1 + 10*2.0) = 3,194 = 35 dB

(d) (C/N)D= (C/N)T(1+1/X)= 10*1.5 ( 1+10*-2.0) = 31.9 = 15 dB

(e) Up-link: “C/kT” = 31.7 dB Hz + 35 = 66.7 dB Hz !!!

ERP = (“C/kT”) + k – G/T – Lfs6 = 66.7 - 228 – 3 + 200 = 35.7
(f) RP = ERP – G 4.5 @ 6GHz = 35.7 – 46.5 = 10.8 dBw => 0.10 watts

(g) Down-link: “C/kT” = 31.9 + 15 = 46.9 G/T = 43-21.7 = 21.3

(h) ERP = 46.9 – 228 - 21.3 + 196.5 = -5.9 dBw
(i) RP satellite = -5.9 - 25 = -30.9 dBw => 0.81 milli-watts
 1.2 Meter (4-foot) Direct Service
(a) For 1.2 M and 150 oK (GRG/TRG) = 9.6 dB/ oK
(b) X = -121.5 + 163 + 3 – 9.6 – 3.5 = 31.4 dB

(c) (C/N)U = (C/N)T (1+X) = 10*1.5 ( 1 + 10*3.14) => 46.4 dB

(d) (C/N)D= (C/N)T(1+1/X)= 10*1.5 ( 1+10*-3.14) => 15 dB

(e) Up-link: “C/kT” = 31.7 dB Hz + 46.4 = 78.1 dB Hz !!!

ERP = (“C/kT”) + k – (G/T)SAT – Lfs6 = 78.1 - 228 – 3 + 200 = 47.1
(f) RP = ERP – G 1.2 @ 6GHz = 47.1 – 35 = 12.1 dBw => 16 watts

(g) Down-link: “C/kT” = 31.7 + 15 = 46.7 GRG/TRG = 9.6

(h) ERP = 46.9 – 228 – 9.6 + 196.5 = +5.6 dBw
(i) RP satellite = +5.6 - 25 = -19.4 dBw => 11.5 milli-watts
 1.2 Meter (4-foot) To Hub Station
(a) For 11 M and 150 oK (GRG/TRG) = 29.9 dB/ oK GRG= 51.7 dB
(b) X = -121.5 + 163 + 3 – 29.9 – 3.5 = 11.1 dB

(c) (C/N)U = (C/N)T (1+X) = 10*1.6 ( 1 + 10*1.11) => 27.1 dB

(d) (C/N)D= (C/N)T(1+1/X)= 10*1.6 ( 1+10*-1.11) => 16.1 dB
note we add 1 dB to C/N to account for two hops.
(e) Up-link: “C/kT” = 31.7 dB Hz + 27.1 = 58.8 dB Hz
ERP = (“C/kT”) + k – (G/T)SAT – Lfs6 = 58.8 - 228 – 3 + 200 = 27.8
(f) RP = ERP – G 1.2 @ 6GHz = 27.8 – 35 = -7.2 dBw => 0.19 watts

(g) Down-link: “C/kT” = 31.7 + 16.1 = 48.8 GRG/TRG = 29.9

(h) ERP = 48.8 – 228 – 29.9 + 196.5 = -12.6 dBw
(i) RP satellite = -12.6 - 25 = -37 6 dBw => 0.17 milli-watts
 Hub Station to 1.2 Meter (4-foot)
(a) For 1.2 M and 150 oK (GRG/TRG) = 9.6 dB/ oK GTG = 54.2 dB
(b) X = -121.5 + 163 + 3 – 9.6 – 3.5 = 31.4 dB
1 dB higher C/N for two-hop
(c) (C/N)U = (C/N)T (1+X) = 10*1.6 ( 1 + 10*3.14) => 47.4 dB
(d) (C/N)D= (C/N)T(1+1/X)= 10*1.6 ( 1+10*-3.14) => 16 dB

(e) Up-link: “C/kT” = 31.7 dB Hz + 47.4 = 79.1 dB Hz

ERP = (“C/kT”) + k – (G/T)SAT – Lfs6 = 79.1 - 228 – 3 + 200 = 48.1
(f) RP = ERP – G 1.2 @ 6GHz = 48.1 – 54.2 = -6.1 dBw => 0.24 watts

(g) Down-link: “C/kT” = 31.7 + 16 = 47.7 GRG/TRG = 9.6

(h) ERP = 46.9 – 228 – 9.6 + 196.5 = +7.6 dBw
(i) RP satellite = +7.6 - 25 = -17.4 dBw => 18 milli-watts
 Compare Three Approaches for the
same customer characteristics.

• 1,000 ground stations each with 1.2 kB/sec (1,500

Hz B and 15 dB C/N)
• Each station can receive from the other
• Duty cycle is 2%: I.e. the satellite transmitter
average power is given by Per channel power x
1,000 / 50.
• Cost of satellite $3 Million/watt (linear).
• Cost of ground equipment from previous notes.
Comparison
Comparison (cont.)
 COMPARISON OF SYSTEMS
WITH DIFFERENT CAPITAL AND ANNUAL COSTS

Interest on money:
Put S .dollars in the bank
  In one year the money will be equal to: S ( 1+ I )
Where I is the bank’s interest rate
If there is an inflation rate of R, one dollar in one year will be worth l / (l+R)
in its buying power.
.. The real value of the bank deposit after one year is

To avoid guessing the inflation rate we will use constant dollars, dollars that have a.
value equal. to today's value. We will then use an interest rate “i” that represents a real
increase in value.
 i = I - R
 Present Value
The value of a deposit is then after one year (in constant $)
  V1 = S ( l + I )
 In two years:
V2 = S (l + i) (l + i)
 In n years:
  Vn = S (l + i)** n
 
“Present Value” is the amount of money you commit now to have a
given number of doller in year “n”.
To have M dollars in year n:
 
 Example I
Launch a satellite with a 7-year life. What should be the charge for
transponders?
Assumed Budget:

  Development $20M 20
Launch $20x2M* 40
Spacecraft $15x3M * 45

Total System $105M

*(The system has two spacecraft in orbit plus one spare).

The spacecraft carries twelve transponders renting for $C /year. The in-
orbit back-up carries twelve transponders, preemptible, renting for $1/2
C/year. ."
Interest rate:(The expected earnings of the investors ) i = 12%
 Total Present Value = $82.14 C

Initial Cost = $105 M = 82.14 C for desired earnings.

  C = $105 M / 82.14 = $1.28 Million per year
 Example II ­
Same cost of satellite but it has 24 transponders. They are rented out, a few
at first and growing over the years, a more conservative business plan.
 Year (1 + i)-n Rental Income Present Value
1 .89 5C 4.45C
2 .80 10C 8.00C
3 .71 15C 10.65C
4 .64 20C 12.80C
5 .57 24C 13.680C
6 .51 24C 12.24C
7 .45 24C 10.80C
  Total Present Value =72.60 C
For 12% interest (earnings) on $105 M investment:
$ 105 M = 72.6 C C = $1.45 per year
 . Example III –
14 years of service two launch sequences,
replacement after seven years service
III. Cost Per transponder = $ 136.5 /100.9 = $1.35 / year
Present Value of constant yearly cost
The present value of $C/year for n years is:
 EXAMPLE I of Yearly Cost:
Say a ground station lasts ten years. A satellite transponder
rents for $1.35 M/year

How many dollars should be used for the transponder to compare

with the purchase price of the ground station?
 
10 years of satellite service can be purchased for:
10 years cost = PvlO x annual satellite transponder cost
10 years cost = 5.65 x $1.35M = $7.65 Million
(If transponder has 8 watts, cost per watt = 7.65/8 = $.96M)
 EXAMPLE II of Yearly Cost:

. Ground station cost $20,000 to

purchase. . It has an annual operation
and maintenance cost of $2,000 per
year. (10% of cost).
What is the present value of ten years of
operation?
 Pv = 20,000 + 2,000. PvlO
= 20,000 + 5.65 x 2,000
Pv = $31.300
Example III of Yearly Cost:

What if the ground station could be sold for

$8,000 salvage at the end of the ten years?
Then what is the “present value” cost of ten
Years of use?
Pv10 = 20,000+2000x Pv10 – 8000/(1+i)**10
Pv10 = 20,000 +11,300 -2,560
Pv10 = $28,740
 EXAMPLE IV of Yearly Cost

What annual rental fee would have to be charged for

use of the station to give a 12% rate of return?
 10 years of charges at $F/year
PVincome = PV10 * F = $5.65 F
This must equal the present value of costs less
salvage.
  5.65 F = $28,740 F =$5,086/year
(Of Course the game is to borrow the money at a low
interest rate and charge enough to earn a much
higher rate of return.)