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World Market and production

of Textile used in Military.

Ali Javaid
04-NTU-142
HISTORY
 Up until the end of the 19th century military land battles
were fought at close quarters by individual
engagements. ‘Danger’ colours such as scarlet were
widely used,
 At around the turn of the 20th century advances in
technology and science provided more lethal long-range
weapons with improved sighting. These combined
effects caused rapid changes in military strategy and
tactics, as engagements could be made at a distance. It
now became important to hide troops and equipment by
blending in with the background.
CONT…
 The British Forces adopted khaki coloured uniforms
(khaki meaning dung of dist in Persian and Urdu)
The first khaki drill (or KD) made from cotton twill or
drill entered service for tropical use in 1902,
although it had been adopted in the South African
Boer War before that time.
 In the 1930s the UK War Office became
increasingly aware of the need for new and more
rational combat dress to meet the needs of
mechanisation on land, sea, and in the air. This was
to provide Bettor protection, comfort, and
practicality.
CONT…
 During World War II advances textile fibers, fabrics,
and treatments saw notable landmarks such as the
use of the new fiber ‘Nylon’ for light strong
parachute canopies.
 Ventile was the first waterproof water vapour-
permeable fabric.
 The well-known worsted serge ‘battledress’ uniform
was introduced in 1939.
CONT….
 The ‘Denison smock’, in lightweight windproof cotton
gaberdine fabric, an bearing rudimentary camouflage
patterning, was introduced for airborne paratroopers in
1941.
 United States army introduced the ‘layered’ combat
clothing concept in 1943.
 The next great landmark in combat dress appeared in
1970, when the olive green (OG) 100% .cotton satin drill
fabric appeared
 From the 1960s to the present day the military textiles,
clothing and equipment of all major nations have become
ever more sophisticated and diverse.
Criteria for modern military textile
materials:

 The main functional criteria for military textiles are


dealt with here under a range of headings. These
include the physical, environmental, camouflage,
specific battlefield threats, and the economic
considerations.
Items have to be carried by
Light weight and individuals or vehicles with
Because
low bulk minimal space available

Must operate reliably in


High durability and adverse conditions for
Because long periods of time
Dimensional stability
without maintenance.
MILITARY COMBAT CLOTHING
SYSTEMS

 Based upon the layer principle.


 Each layer performs a specific function.
 Special protective layers are added,
including a ballistic protection system
comprising body armour and helmet, a
nuclear, biological and chemical oversuit,
and a snow camouflage oversuit
MILITARY COMBAT CLOTHING
ENVIRONMENTAL
REQUIREMENTS
Property Comments

Water Repellant, Water Proof For exterior materials exposed to cold/wet weather
Wind Proof, Snow Shedding
Water vapour permeable For clothing and personal equipments (tents)
Thermally insulating For Cold climates

Rot-resistant For tents, covers, nets etc.

UV light resistant For environments with strong sunlight

Air permeable. For hot tropical climates


Biodegradable If discarded or buried
UNDERWEAR GARMENTS

 Textile materials used for next-to-skin clothing are


primarily worn for hygiene reasons. The thermal
insulation properties tend to be less important than
the tactile properties and the way the material
handles moisture (mainly perspiration) in order to
remove it form the skin. Tactile properties are
associated with fit, flexibility, rough-ness.
 Military combat underwear fabric used by many
nations, including the UK, need to be made from
non-thermoplastic fibres to minimise contact
melt/burn injuries. The perspiration and handling
properties of knitted underwear materials are
extremely critical for mobile land forces such as
infantry soldiers, marines and special forces.
THERMAL INSULATION MATERIALS

 Military forces of many nations need to survive and


fight in the most extreme conditions known on
earth. The cold/wet regions tend to cause the most
severe problems, as it is necessary to provide and
maintain dry thermal insulation materials.
 The cold/dry areas, including the arctic, Antarctic,
and mountainous regions require the carriage and
use of clothing, sleeping bags, and other personal
equipment which possess high levels of thermal
insulation. Military forces are prone to sacrificing
thermal comfort for light weight and low bulk items.
WATER VAPOUR
PERMEABLE/WATERPROOF
MATERIALS

 One of the basic incompatibilities in technical textiles is that


associated with providing waterproof materials which allow
free passage of water vapour (perspiration). Without this
facility, physiological problems can occur when impermeable
clothing is worn by highly active soldiers, marines, and special
forces.
 In the most extreme war operations individuals cannot
choose either the climatic conditions or the intensity of their
activities. This can result in injury or death due to hypothermia
or hyperthermia.
 Over the twenty years since around 1980,appreciable effort
has been expended by polymer and textile manufactures to
solve this problem.There are now a wide range of
woven.coated,or laminated fabrics which are waterproof and
water vapour permeable.
Effects of wearing impermeable clothing
in different conditions:

Conditions Activity Consequences


Cold/wet climate Medium activity Discomfort

Cold/wet climate in High activity Hypothermia (cold


sweat-Wetted followed by low stress)
clothing activity
Hot/moist climate High activity Hyperthermia (heat
and Wearing stress)
protective clothing
TYPES OF WATER VAPOUR
PERMEABLE BARRIER FABRICS

 High density woven fabrics:


Are typified
by Ventile cotton fabric. There are also a
range of fabrics based on woven microfiber
polyester of Japanese origin such as Teijin
Ellettes.
 Ventile was originally developed for military
use during World War II, and is still widely
used by military and civilian forces
CONT…
 Microporous coatings and films:
Are
widely available in many variants. Such membrane
are typified by having microporous voids of pore
sizes from 0.1-5 um. The most well-known product,
Gore-Tex, utilizes a microporous
polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) membrane.
 Other products are based upon microporous
acrylic.These membranes or coatings incorporate a
top coat of a hydrophilic polymer to resist
contimination of the pores by sweat residues and
penetration by low surface tension liquids.
Hydrophilic solid coatings
and films:
 Hydrophilic solid coatings and
films:
In contrast to microporous films, the
hydrophilic products are continuous pore-
free solid films. As such they have a high
resistance to ingress of liquids, Diffusion of
water vapour is achieved by the
incorporation of hydrophilic functional
groups into the polymer such as -O-, CO-,
-OH, or -NH; in a block copolymer.
CAMOUFLAGE CONCEALMENT
AND DECEPTION

 The word camouflage comes from the


French word ‘camoufler’ (to disguise)
and was first introduced by the French
during World War I to define the
concealment of objects and people by
the imitation of their physical
surroundings, in order to survive.
CAMOUFLAGE
CONCEALMENT
CAMOUFLAGE,CONCEALMENT
AND DECEPTION REQUIREMENTS
Property comments
 Visual spectrum  Exposed materials match visual colors,
texture and appearance of natural
backgrounds
 Ultraviolet
 To match optical properties of snow
and ice

 Near infrared  To match reflectance of background


when viewed by image intensifiers and
low light television
 Far infrared  To minimise the heat signature emitted
by humans and hot equipment.
Detection by thermal imagers
 Acoustic emissions  Rustle and swish noises emitted by
certain textile materials Detected by
aural means, unattended ground
sensors and microphones
 Radar spectrum  Detection of movement by Doppler
radar
FLAME-RETARDANT TEXTILES IN
MILITARY USE

 Although the range of flame-retardant products is


large, the actual number of types used by military
forces is quite small. The most widely used of these
in Proban treated cotton, a tetrakis hydroxymethyl
phosphonium hydroxide product, bound to the fiber
and cured in ammonia, Its advantages is its wide
availability and low cost. It provides a finish which is
resistant to many launderings, and gives good
protection with low thermal shrinkage in fire. Its
disadvantages are that it liberates fumes and smoke
when activated, the treatment can weaken the fabric
or spoil its handle, and it must not be laundered
using soap and hard water, as these can leave
flammable residues in fabric
FLAME RETARDANT TEXTILES
IN MILITARY USE

Fiber/fabric Treatment Cost Military uses


type type
Proban cotton Chemical Relatively Navy action
additive cheap coverall
Anti-flash hood
and gloves
Aramid Inherent Expensive Bomb disposal
Fiber property suit
Submariner’s
clothing
Arctic tent liners
CONT….
Zirpro wool chemical Medium/ Navy
additive high firefighters

Modacrylic Inherent fiber Medium/low Nuclear,


property biological and
chemical
clothing tent
liner

Flame Chemical Medium In blends with


retardant additive aramid fibers
viscose only
FLAME-RETARDANT TEXTILES
FLAME-RETARDANT TEXTILES
VISUAL DECOYS
 Textile materials are widely used to fabricate and simulate the
outline of high value military targets such as aircraft, thanks,
missile launchers, and other vehicles.
 These decoys vary in their complexity depending on the source of
the potential attack. If surveillance and target acquisition is at short
range, and with sufficient time to study detail, then the decoy has
to be a realistic three-dimensional copy of the genuine item.
 Inflatable decoys made form neoprene or hypalon-coated nylon
fabrics have been used to mimic armoured fighting vehicles (AFV),
missile launcher/tracker modules, artillery, and other vulnerable
equipment. These are cheap and easy to transport and deploy.
CONT…
 The tactical advantages of decoys are
obvious they confuse the enemy into
believing that opposing forces are larger
than in reality. They may also cause the
enemy to release expensive weaponry and
ordnance at worthless targets, wasting
valuable mission effort and exposing
themselves to the risk of retaliation from
‘real’ weapons.
BIOLOGICAL AND CHEMICAL WARFARE
PROTECTION

 Biological and chemical warfare is a


constant world threat. The toxic agents
used are relatively easy to produce and
their effects are emotionally and lethally
horrific to the general population. They are
weapons of insidious mass destruction.
The fact that they have not been used in
recent conflicts may be due, in part, to the
difficulty of delivering and disseminating
such weapons onto specific chosen targets
CONT…
Most current clothing systems use activated carbon
on a textile substrate to absorb the agent vapour.
Activated carbon can be used in the form of a finely
divided powder coating, small beads, or in carbon
fiber fabric form. This form of carbon has a highly
developed pore structure and a high surface area,
enabling the adsorption of a wide spectrum of toxic
gases. Those with boiling points greater than 60oC
are readily physically adsorbed on the charcoal, but
vapours boiling at lower temperatures must be
chemically removed by impregnants supported on
the carbon 55
BIOLOGICAL AND CHEMICAL
WARFARE CLOTHING
TEXTILE MATERIALS FOR
BALLISTIC PROTECTION

 Textile body armours may give protection against


fragments and low velocity bullets, but not against
other threats such as high velocity Bullets of
typically,5.56mm, 7.62mm and even 12.7mm
caliber. Textile armours are also defeated by
flechettes, which are small, sharp, needle-shaped
objects, disseminated in large numbers by
exploding warheads or shells. In the case of these
high speed projectiles we have to resort to using
shaped plates made from metals, composites or
ceramics. These are placed over the vital organs
such as the heart .
EOD CLOTHING
CONT…
 Since the 1970s a range of aromatic polyamide
fibers have been developed (para-aramids). Fibers
with trade names such as Kevlar (Du Pont) and
Twaron (Enka) are available in a wide range of
decitexes and finishes.
 A range of ultra high modules polyethylene
(UHMPE) fibers have been developed. They are
typically gel spun polyethylene (GSPE) fibers, with
trade names such as Dyneema (DSM) and Spectra.
TEXTILE MATERIALS FOR
BALLISTIC PROTECTION
TEXTILE MATERIALS FOR
BALLISTIC PROTECTION
LIGHTWEIGHT BALLISTIC COMPOSITES
FOR MILITARY AND LAW-
ENFORCEMENT APPLICATIONS

 Ballistic composites are materials with superior


properties being lightweight and durable under
environmental conditions(water and chemicals)
with high performance (high strength, impact
and ballistic resistance, damage tolerance).
Lightweight ballistic composites are used in a
wide range of lightweight vehicle, watercraft
and aircraft armour giving high performance
and lightweight protection against bullets and
fragments. They also have exceptional
insulating properties in high temperature
environments.
DEVELOPMENT IN MILITARY
TEXTILES
 Some of the recent developments in military clothing
include progress made in minimizing weight and
maximizing wear comfort
 Militants are also turning to nanotechnology in an effort to
make their armed forces more mobile and better protected
from enemy assaults. Through nanotechnology, new
personnel camouflage systems can be developed that can
change pattern and colors as environment changes.
 “Chameleonic” camouflage allows the soldier to become
a mirror of his surroundings. Other nanotechnological
developments include the use of fibers which can stimulate
muscles and thereby give soldiers greater strength for lifting
or jumping
Chameleonic camouflage
CONT….
 Development efforts are also
underway to make next-to-skin
garments from electronic textiles
which can determine a soldier’s
physiological status including
heartbeat, blood pressure,
respiration and body
temperature.
DEVELOPMENT OF NONWOVEN
FABRICS FOR MILITARY APPLICATION

 The United States Marine Corps and the U.S. Army


have taken the initiative to develop state of the art
fire retardant nonwoven composite fabric
technology for use mainly in Combat Utility
Uniforms (CUUs) and coveralls. This effort is being
conducted via Small Business Innovative Research
(SBIR) contracts awarded to Nanosyntex, a
Tennessee-based company. Essentially, SBIRs are
very competitive and offer the perfect medium in
which to conduct what may be termed "high-risk
technology."
NONWOVEN FABRIC
CONT….
 These reinforced multi-layer nonwoven composite fabrics have
been engineered to be lighter in weight, significantly more
breathable, and superior in tear and breaking strength as opposed to
the conventional woven uniform fabrics. Advanced research is being
conducted to enhance the durability and wash resistance
characteristics for military and outdoor applications. In addition, the
possibility of incorporating FR fibers and additives, barrier materials
and nano fiber based technologies within the nonwoven composite
structure will be explored.

 The objective of SBIR projects is to utilize the latest nonwovens, FR


fibers and treatment technologies to enhance performance and
reduce lifecycle costs for combat-type clothing.
CONT….
 Woven fabrics are basically two-dimensional
structures with limited flexibility of design and
composition, and go through at least 14 separate
processes, usually conducted in three individual mill
operations: a spinning mill, weaving mill and finishing
mill. Nonwovens contain three-dimensional fabric
structures and undergo only five processes or less,
potentially done under one roof. Nonwovens are
based on web-forming processes such as extruded
spun bonded processing or carding processing.
Nonwoven fabrics for this project then go through
either thermal bonding and/or hydro-entangled
processing.
Woven/nonwoven fabrics
CONT….

Nanosyntex has developed a multilayer nonwoven composite
fabric for military garment application that can provide water
absorbency on the inside and water repellency on the outside.
Just as easily, the outside can be designed to possess flame
resistance, chemical protection or other unique properties,
while the inside, towards the skin, remains soft, supple and
highly wickable.
 Nonwoven composite fabrics can be made 25% lighter and
stronger than current woven military uniform fabrics. In
addition, they can be made to exhibit over three times the air
permeability or breathability of the current woven military
uniform fabrics .
CONT….
 However, the best achievement was that nonwoven fabrics
were fabricated that possessed lighter weight and thinner
properties while exhibiting higher normalized breaking, tearing
and elongation characteristics, as well as improved air
permeability properties compared to current woven twill
uniform fabrics
 Other features discovered from the unique nonwoven
composites were a high degree of moisture transport; wrinkle
resistance; compatibility with fusible applications, crease-set
process or ability to possess permanent creases using silicone
RTV beading; filtering characteristic which would provide
optimum sand penetration; and capability to engineer
heavyweight nonwovens for tentage or equipage applications.
CONT….
CONT…
FUTURE OF NONWOVENS
 Successful commercialization is the future of
nonwovens. Getting people to accept
nonwovens for clothing and general
applications will be the key to success. Thus
far, nonwovens are generally perceived as
disposables with a harsh, stiff hand and
weak in nature. The goal of this SBIR is to
break out of this mode and prove the
concept through use of military applications.
INTERACTIVE TEXTILES
 A Textile that exhibits at least one unique
and valuable property that “intelligently”
responds to a stimulus. These materials
could have the ability to sense and react
(e.g., color change, oscillate, swell), conduct
electricity, perform computational
operations, and/or collect/store energy.
OVERALL FUTURE OF
MILITARY TEXTILES
 The country tries to integrate nanotechnology
into technical textiles and develop new-
generation military nano-clothes that shield
off toxic gases from biological weapons.
Such clothes aim to increase the surviving
capacity of soldiers under various conditions.
WORLD MARKET
 General Market overview:
According
to the Stockholm International Peace
Research Institute (SIPRI), the world
military textile expenditure in 2006 is
estimated at $1204 billion in current prices.
BEST MARKETS FOR MILITARY
TEXTILES

 The Asia Pacific region:


Between 1988 and 2005, military textiles
expenditures in the Asia-Pacific region increased by 69%.
 During the same period, military textiles expenditures in South
Asia alone increased by 91%.
 This region includes Afghanistan, Bangladesh, India, Nepal,
Pakistan, and Sri Lanka.
 Military expenditures in East Asia, including Brunei, Cambodia,
China, Indonesia, Japan, North Korea, South Korea, Laos,
Malaysia, Mongolia, Myanmar (Burma), Philippines,
Singapore, Taiwan, Thailand, and Vietnam, grew by 71% between
1988 and 2005.
 This market is expected to continue its rapid growth for at least
the next several years due to the implementation of force
modernization programs and new procurement initiatives
in Southeast Asia and Australia.
CONT….
 The Middle East and North Africa
Over the past 10 years, the
Middle East/North Africa region has emerged as the world’s
largest importer of military textiles.
 Between 1988 and 2005, military textiles expenditures in the
Middle East increased by 63%.

 Industry Trade events and Dates for Military


Textiles:
Special Operations Forces Exhibition & Conference
(SOFEX 2008): March 2008, Amman, Jordan
 Defense Services Asia (DSA 2008): April 21-24, 2008, Kuala
Lumpur, Malaysia.
 Eurosatory 2008: June 2008, Paris, France

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