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Page 1
REACCIN ADVERSA
A UN FRMACO
Guisela Adriana Alva Lozada
MR1 Alergia e Inmunologa Clnica
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Page 2
FUENTES BIBLIOGRFICAS
Alergia a medicamentos, Sociedad Espaola de
Alergia e Inmunologa Clnica (SEAIC), 2005
Approach to the Patient with Drug Allergy, Benno
Schnyder, MD, Immunol Allergy Clin N Am 29 (2009)
Hipersensibilidad a medicamentos, M.T. Giner Muoz,
Pediatra Integral 2005;IX(8), Hospital San Juan de
Dios. Barcelona
BSACI guidelines for the management of drug
allergy, Mirakian et al, Clinical and Experimental
Allergy, Journal compilation , 2008, Blackwell
Publishing Ltd
Diagnosis and management of drug hypersensitivity
Reactions, Romano et al, J ALLERGY CLIN
IMMUNOL MARCH 2011




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Page 3
TIPOS DE REACCIONES
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Page 4
DEFINICIONES
Reaccin adversa Reaccin alrgica
Efecto perjudicial y no
deseado que aparece con
las dosis utilizadas en el
hombre para la profilaxis ,
el diagnstico o la
teraputica.

Reaccin inmunolgicamente
mediada
Es especfica
Est mediada por Acs o
linfocitos
Recurre si el paciente se vuelve
a exponer al frmaco.
Verdadera alergia a un frmaco
requiere una exposicin previa
(sensibilizacin).

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Page 5
CLASIFICACIONES
1. DE LAS REACCIONES
ADVERSAS:
Rawlins y Thompson
2. DE LAS REACCIONES
ALRGICAS:
Levine - Tiempo
Gell y Coombs (1968) y
revisada por Pichler
(2003) - Mecanismos

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Page 6
Reaccin previsible o
Tipo A (Augmented)
80% del total de RAMs

En cualquier individuo
Es dosis dependiente
Guarda relacin con las acciones
farmacolgicas
Usualmente inevitables
Suelen ocurrir en pacientes normales
y comportar un riesgo para el mismo
Es predecible Sopesar el
riesgo/beneficio




Reaccin no previsible o
Tipo B (Bizarre)
5 15%
En ciertos individuos
Con dosis clnicas o dosis
independiente
Son impredecibles
Sub-clasificacin
Intolerancia farmacolgica
Efecto a dosis subterapetica
Reaccin idiosincrsica
Rpta no relacionada con la accin
farmacolgica
Sin base inmunolgica
Susceptibilidad (Dotacin enzimtica
determinada genticamente)
Reaccin pseudoalrgica
Simula Rx clnica alrgica pero
SIN base inmunolgica
Reaccin alrgica Base
inmunolgica


Reaccin adversa R & T
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Page 7
Tipo C Ttos prolongados: Dependencia
BZD
Tipo D Efectos teratognicos y
cancergenos
Approach to the Patient with Drug Allergy, Benno Schnyder, MD, Immunol
Allergy Clin N Am 29 (2009)
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Page 8
Hipersensibilidad a medicamentos, M.T. Giner Muoz, Pediatra Integral 2005;IX(8),
Hospital San Juan de Dios. Barcelona
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Page 9
Reaccin
Alrgica
Respuesta inusual, desproporcionada
frente a sustancias que no son
patgenas o invasivas, y que para la
mayora de los individuos son inocuas.

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Page 10
Capacidad
alergnica
de los
frmacos
Cualquier frmaco Rx de hipersensibilidad
Sustancias PM < 5,000 daltons Escaso
valor antignico
Ags farmacolgicos con capacidad alergnica
per se (completos y de gran tamao):
Protenas heterlogas
Enzimas
Hormonas
Capaces de inducir por s mismas rptas tipo Ig
E o Ig G.
>ra medicamentos: Compuestos de bajo PM
(< 1,000 daltons) Requiere protenas
sricas o de la membrana celular (haptenos).
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Page 11
FACTORES
DE
RIESGO
Dependientes del frmaco:

Peso molecular (> 5000)
Va de administracin:
Parenteral (>)
Tpica Dermatitis de contacto
Dosis: Dosis mod o con intervalos libres
sensibilizan >.

Dependientes del individuo:

Edad: > adultos
Sexo: Mujeres (65-70% vs 30 35%)
Factores genticos
expresin COX (leucotrienos( asma
inducida x aspirina
Enfermedades concurrentes
TMP SMX 10 50 X en SIDA
(acetilador lento)
Constitucin atpica
NO predispone Rxs lrgicas
Rxs pueden ser ms graves
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Page 12
Hipersensibilidad a medicamentos, M.T. Giner Muoz, Pediatra Integral
2005;IX(8), Hospital San Juan de Dios. Barcelona
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Page 13
Hipersensibilidad a medicamentos, M.T. Giner Muoz, Pediatra Integral
2005;IX(8), Hospital San Juan de Dios. Barcelona
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Page 14
CLASIFICACIN (TIEMPO) - Levine
Inmediatas (1-60 min)
Ig E mediadas
Sntomas: Urticaria, angioedema, shock anafilctico
No inmediatas (> 1 hora)
Mecanismos celulares
Aceleradas (1 72 horas)
Tpico: Urticaria (Dx diferencial: urticarias inmediatas)
Mecanismo ? Levine: Ig E mediadas/ Actualmente: Celular. Suele haber
solapamiento entre ambas
Tardas (> 72 horas)
Usual: 72 horas Paciente sensibilizado
10 15 das Frmaco se tom x 1 vez
Amplio espectro clnico:
Reacciones exantemticas .. Sndrome Stevens-Johnson, NET, Rxs
rgano especficas

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Page 15
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Page 16
BSACI guidelines for the management of drug allergy, Mirakian et al, Clinical
and Experimental Allergy, Journal compilation , 2008, Blackwell Publishing Ltd
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Page 17
De forma prctica:
Reacciones inmediatas (mediadas por Ig E)
Resto de reacciones (no mediadas por Ig E)
Hipersensibilidad a medicamentos, M.T. Giner Muoz, Pediatra Integral
2005;IX(8), Hospital San Juan de Dios. Barcelona
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Page 18
ANAFILAXIA
Hipersensibilidad a medicamentos, M.T. Giner Muoz, Pediatra Integral
2005;IX(8), Hospital San Juan de Dios. Barcelona
Pg D2
Leucotrienos
C y D
PAF
Proteasas
neutras
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Page 19
Desencadenantes de la anafilaxia y va de exposicin
(108 casos). Lee JM, et al. Pediatrics 2000
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Page 20
REACCIONES Ig E MEDIADAS
Superproduccin Ig E
especfica en respuesta al
frmaco
Accin amplificada de Ig E por
la actividad de los receptores
celulares a los que se unen.
Receptores de afinidad
(FcRI): Mastocitos, basfilos
y eosinfilos
Receptores de afinidad
(FcRII): LB, eosinfilos y
clulas de Langerhans

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Page 21
Secuencia
acontecimientos en
RHS inmediata
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Page 22
A
c
o
n
t
e
c
i
m
i
e
n
t
o
s

b
i
o
q
u

m
i
c
o
s

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Page 23
Efectos biolgicos de los
mediadores de la HS
inmediata
Liberacin serotonina x plaquetas (U.crnica)
Fosfolpidos. cido araquidnico
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Page 24
CLNICA
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Page 25
LB requieren 2 tipos
seales para producir
cambio de isotipo de Ig:
Dependiente de citoquinas
Activacin transcripcin
de una regin especfica en
el locus de Ig (que dicta el
isotipo)
Dependiente del receptor
CD40 (constitutivo en LB)
Activa recombinacin de
cambio del DNA
LB cambio isotipo de Ig M
a Ig E

IL 4 Transcripcin
especfica de lnea
germinal E
Generada x LT
Generada x mastocitos
Unin CD40/CD40L
Activa recombinacin DNA:
cambio de isotipo a Ig E y
su secrecin
LB LT
LB - Mastocito


Considerar tambin:
Clulas dendrticas (adems de CPA) estimula LB por medio FcRII
IL 4 expresin FcRII en LB )fuente local de estimulacin
CONSECUENCIA:
GRAN AMPLIFICACIN DE LA RESPUESTA
MEDIADA POR IG E
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Page 26
PUENTEO: Complejo
hapteno protena
transportadora se una a
>2 Ig E adyacentes
simultneamente.
Requiere que la protena
transportadora est unida
al menos a 2 molculas
de hapteno con mnima
distancia entre ellos.
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Page 27
R
E
S
P
U
E
S
T
A

S
E
C
U
N
D
A
R
I
A

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Page 28
Especificidad Ig E
Acs especficos a frmacos tienen lugares
de unin para eptopos pequeos (tamao
~ 3 aa)
Posibilidad rxs alrgicas a varios frmacos
que inicialmente no parecieran similares
Baldo y Fisher: Acs Ig E especficos para
configuracin amonio cuaternario (relajantes
musculares, diversos frmacos, qumicos
medioambientales)
Paciente sensibilizado a estructuras qumicas
del medio ambiente pueda presentar shock
anafilctico incluso con la 1 toma de un
frmaco
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Page 29
> ra Acs Especficos a
molcula completa (3 aa)
Acs especficos contra
cadena lateral o partes
de ella
Reacciones selectivas
Amoxicilina Rx
alrgica pero tolerancia a
otros beta lactmicos
Especificidad de Acs a
beta lactmicos depende
del isotipo:
Ig E > especificidad
cadena lateral
Ig G > especificidad
regin nuclear: >
reactividad cruzada
Frmaco ms
estudiado: PNC
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Page 30
Evolucin ttulos de Acs
Picos Ig E tiempo breve (vs Ig G)
Estudio pacientes alrgicos a beta
lactmicos: Alergia selectiva a uno
vs Reactividad cruzada a varias
PNC
Seguimiento niveles Ig E
Tendencia a la negativizacin ms
pronunciada en los de alergia nica
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Page 31
Hipersensibilidad a medicamentos, M.T.
Giner Muoz, Pediatra Integral 2005;IX(8),
Hospital San Juan de Dios. Barcelona
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Page 32
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Page 33
Tipo 2 Citopenias inducidas
por frmacos
Hipersensibilidad a medicamentos, M.T. Giner Muoz, Pediatra Integral
2005;IX(8), Hospital San Juan de Dios. Barcelona
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Page 34
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Page 35
ENFOQUE
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Page 36
Haciendo el Diagnstico
1. Se trata de una reaccin alrgica?
2. Qu droga la puede haber causado?
Clnico laboratorial Reconocimiento
Correcto diagnstico alergolgico
Medicamento es insustituible o
imprescindible
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Page 37
DIAGNSTICO ALERGOLGICO
1. Historia clnica
2. Datos de laboratorio
3. Pruebas in vitro
4. Pruebas in vivo
5. Pruebas de provocacin

NO existe prueba nica
estandarizada

En pruebas cutneas y
analticas para medicamentos :
Resultado + Gran utilidad
Resultado -
No Rx
Incapacidad deteccin
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Page 38
HISTORIA CLNICA
1
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Page 39
Approach to the Patient with Drug Allergy, Benno Schnyder, MD, Immunol
Allergy Clin N Am 29 (2009)
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Page 40
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Page 41
Qu sustancias y xenobiticos estn involucradas?
Cul es la relacin temporal entre la ingesta y el inicio
s/s?
Cul es la naturaleza de la rx? Correspone a RAM de
uno de los medicamentos recibidos?
Se tomaron otras drogas de manera concomitante?
Existen otras condiciones subyacentes? Comida,
infeccin
Cul es el perfil gentico del paciente?
Tener siempre en mente:
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Page 42
DATOS DE
LABORATORIO
Hematocrito
Recuento plaquetario
Test de Coombs
Pruebas para detectar
inmunocomplejos
circulantes
Transaminasas
hepticas
Anlisis de orina (d/c
proteinuria)

2
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Page 43
Approach to the Patient with Drug Allergy, Benno Schnyder, MD, Immunol
Allergy Clin N Am 29 (2009)
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Page 44
Approach to the Patient with Drug Allergy, Benno Schnyder, MD, Immunol
Allergy Clin N Am 29 (2009)
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Page 45
Approach to the Patient with Drug Allergy, Benno Schnyder, MD, Immunol
Allergy Clin N Am 29 (2009)
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Page 46
A
p
p
r
o
a
c
h

t
o

t
h
e

P
a
t
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w
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,

B
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o

S
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,

M
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I
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A
l
l
e
r
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y

C
l
i
n

N

A
m

2
9

(
2
0
0
9
)

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Page 47
PRUEBAS IN VITRO
Limitaciones:
Pocos frmacos
Rxs por Ig E
Propias caractersticas de Rxs
alrgicas a medicamentos
Dificultad para el Dx lab
Mecanismos inmunolgicos
variables para mismo frmaco
Misma Rx (urticaria): mediada
por distintos mecanismos de HS
Determinantes Ags
desconocidos o se generan
nuevos durante su metabolismo
Dificultad para separar
mecanismos inmunolgicos y no
inmunolgicos
Falta de informacin sobre el
sistema hapteno-carrier.
< riesgo para el paciente
(Test transformacin linfoblstica
)
Hipersensibilidad a medicamentos, Pediatra Integral 2005;Barcelona
3
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Page 48
PRUEBAS IN VITRO
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Page 49
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Page 50
4
PRUEBAS IN VIVO
Prick test
IDR
Prueba del parche
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Page 51
Hipersensibilidad a medicamentos, Pediatra Integral 2005;Barcelona
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Page 52
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Page 53
A
L
G
O
R
I
T
M
O

D
I
A
G
N
O
S
T
I
C
O

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Page 54
A
L
G
O
R
I
T
M
O

BSACI guidelines for the management of drug allergy, Mirakian et al, Clinical
and Experimental Allergy, Journal compilation , 2008, Blackwell Publishing Ltd
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Page 55
MANEJO
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Page 56
MANEJO
BSACI guidelines for the management of drug allergy, Mirakian et al, Clinical
and Experimental Allergy, Journal compilation , 2008, Blackwell Publishing Ltd
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Page 57
Tto segn el
tipo de reaccin
Reacciones mediadas por Ig
E (Anafilaxia)
La causa ms importante
de mala respuesta al tto :
demora en uso de
Adrenalina.
Los corticoides no son
nunca el frmaco de 1
eleccin.
CE : Hidrocortisona , 5-10
mg/kg/dosis (no paso de
metabolizacin heptica)
Inicio ax > rpido

Reacciones no mediadas
por Ig E
Exantemas morbiliformes
Antihistamnicos
No til No implicacin del mastocito
Alivio prurito
Sndrome de Stevens-Johnson
CE controversial: recuperacin
ms lenta
Tto ajustado a sintomatologa
Antihistamnicos prurito
Ppulas y placas Esteroides tpicos
(no en zonas descamadas
Lesiones oftalmolgicas Oftalmlogo.
NET
CE controversial, pero > aceptado
Inmunosupresores (ciclosporina,
ciclofosfamida) Resultados
contradictorios
Gammaglobulinas EV, dosis (2
g/kg) Mejores resultados
Inhibicin de apoptosis que puede
ser iniciada por la interaccin de
receptores de muerte en la
superficie celular: Fas(CD95) - FasL
(CD95L)
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Page 58
DESENSIBILIZACIN
Induccin tolerancia inmunolgica
frente a un Ag para el cual existen
Acs IgE.
Tambin: algunas reacciones no
mediadas por IgE, reacciones tardas.
Dosis crecientes progresivamente
durante varias horas/das hasta
conseguir una administracin segura
del frmaco.
Frmaco imprescindible
Pauta de desensibilizacin:
PROTOCOLOS

CONTRAINDICADO:
Rxs cutneas graves
exfoliativas
Sndrome de Stevens-
Johnson, NET, DRESS

Tolerancia de carcter transitorio

Debe mantenerse activa mediante
administracin continua del frmaco.
Si el paciente lo necesita en el
futuro y las pruebas cutneas an
dan resultados positivos nueva
desensibilizacin.

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Page 59
ALGUNOS EJEMPLOS
RXS HS TARDA
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Page 60
Exantema morbiliforme
Tipo ms comn de RAM (2%)
riesgo: predisposicin gentica,
infecciones virales y medicacin
mltiple.
Mcula y ppulas que
comprometen tronco y
extremidades, prurito, fiebre,
eosinofilia.
Usualmente no mucosas.
Inicio: 5 y 14 d post inicio ATB,
resuelve tras 7 y 14 d post retiro.
Biopsia solo en casos inciertos
Tratamiento : retiro de frmaco,
corticoides tpicos (1 2 v/d x 1s)
y antihistamnicos orales.
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Page 61
Dermatitis exfoliativa -
Eritroderma
Severa y potencialmente mortal.
Agudo dentro de horas o das que evoluciona en
semanas o meses
Eritema difuso y progresivo >90% de la
superficie corporal
Parches eritematosos que crecen y coalescen.
Piel caliente y seca.
Fiebre o hipotermia, edema y taquicardia.
Normalmente bien tolerado, edades extremas o
comorbilidades falla cardiaca de GC, THE,
T, albuminemia, edema e infecciones de
piel.
Manejo
Severo Soporte (fluidos, hemodinamia, nutricin,
temperatura, etc)
CE tpicos (2-3 v/d hasta mejora) o sistmicos
(predisona 0,5 1 mg/kg/d x 10d) y
antihistamnicos orales

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Page 62
Pustulosis exantemtica
generalizada aguda
(PEGA)
Rara
90% drogas: ATB
Erupcin aguda, pstulas
pequeas estriles con base
eritematosa y edematosa.
Fiebre, leucocitosis
neutrofilica.
Dx: Clnica + biopsia de piel
Resuelve con la
descontinuacin del frmaco.
CE tpicos de potencia media
(2v/d x 1s)

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Page 63
Eritema
Multiforme
Raro
Lesiones cutneas y
mucosas.
Usual a adultos jvenes.
<10% por medicacin
Lesin en diana, inicio
acral con extensin
centrpeta,
asintomtico.
Si mucoso doloroso en
parches, bulas o
erosiones.
Biopsia: Determinar
etiologa
Resuelve en 2 semanas
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Page 64
Sndrome de Stevens-
Johnson, Necrolisis
epidrmica toxica y Overlap
Etiologa incierta
Lesiones descamativas de piel y
mucosas.
Sndrome Stevens Johnson: <10%
de compromiso epidrmico.
Necrolisis epidrmica toxica: > 30%
de compromiso
Overlap: 10% - 30%
NET invariablemente por medicacin
SSJ tambin puede ser por
infecciones
Factores de riesgo: VIH, infecciones
virales concomitantes, enfermedades
inmunes.
Prodromos de fiebre,
Luego de 3das: lesiones
mucocutneas y de piel
Tras varios das: vesicular y buloso
Finalmente se desprende.

Dx:
CLNICO
(Biopsia-
soporte
Dx)
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Page 65
Criterios diagnsticos 1996 Bocquet. Dx: 3 o >
1) Reaccin cutnea (rash en asociacin con frmacos)
Exantema difuso, prpura, ampollas, edema facial
2) Alteraciones hematolgicas
eosinofilia > 1.5 x 109/L o linfocitos atpicos
3) Compromiso sistmico caracterizado:
Adenopatas > 2cm de dimetro
Hepatitis con transaminasas (2X)
Neumonitis intersticial
Nefritis intersticial
Carditis
Tiroiditis
4) Fiebre
Alteraciones hematolgicas
Linfocitosis, linfopenia,
linfocitos atpicos,
eosinofilia, trombocitopenia
Mortalidad (10%):
Toxicidad heptica/Miocarditis
SINDROME DE DRESS

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