Vas centrales del metabolismo

de los carbohidratos
El estudio de los carbohidratos debe
considerar
1. Central pathways of carbohydrate metabolism
2. Conversion of compounds to intermediates usable in central pathways
3. Mechanisms of energy (ATP) production
a) Substrate-level phosphorylation
b) Oxidative phosphorylation
c) Other mechanisms of energy transfer
El estudio de los carbohidratos debe
considerar
4. Metabolic steps involved in the generation and use of reducing activity
a) Reduction of pyruvate or other substrates to fermentation end products
b) Biosynthetic reactions requiring reducing action
El estudio de los carbohidratos debe
considerar
5. Oxygen involvement in energy-generating reactions
a) Aerobic metabolism
b) Anaerobic metabolism
c) Facultative metabolism
6. Metabolic intermediates serving as biosynthetic precursors
El estudio de los carbohidratos debe
considerar
8. Reactions that replenish biosynthetic intermediates (anapleurotic
reactions)
9. Metabolic and genetic regulatory system
Los carbohidratos no son los nicos compuestos
utilizados como fuente de energa por los
microorganismos
Fatty acids, lipids, amino acids, purines, pyrimidines, and a wide variety of
other compounds can also serve as carbon and energy sources.
Los carbohidratos no son los nicos compuestos
utilizados como fuente de energa por los
microorganismos
Generally, utilization of an alternate substrate involves its conversion to an
intermediate intrinsic to one of the central pathways of carbohydrate
metabolism.

Vias principales del metabolismo de
carbohidratos
Glucolisis o via de Embden-Meyerhof-Parnas, o via de la Fructosa bisfosfato
aldolasa

Entner-Doudoroff o Cetogluconato

Ciclo oxidativo de la Pentosa fosfato

Gluconeognesis y sntesis de glicgeno.
FRUCTOSE BISPHOSPHATE - ALDOLASE OR
EMBDEN-MEYERHOF-PARNAS
(EMP)PATHWAY OF GLYCOLYSIS.

Fructose Bisphosphate Aldolase Pathway


Reacciones ms importantes de de la ruta
de EMP
1. Phosphorylation of glucose and fructose-6-phosphate by ATP
2. Cleavage of fructose-1,6-bisphosphate to trioses by a specific aldolase
3. Structural rearrangements
4. Oxidationreduction and Pi (inorganic phosphate) assimilation

Fructose Bisphosphate Aldolase Pathway


Fructose Bisphosphate Aldolase Pathway


The enzyme fructose bisphosphate (FPB) aldolase is one of the most critical
steps in the pathway. In the absence of this enzyme, glucose or other hexose
sugars must be metabolized via one of several alternative pathways,

Regulacin metablica de las enzimas de la
gluclisis y del ciclo de los cidos tricarboxlicos

Alternate Pathways of Glucose Utilization

Warburg and Christian
described the oxidation of glucose-6-phosphate to
6phosphogluconate (6-P-G) via G-6-P dehydrogenase).
They also described the decarboxylation of 6-P-G to form
a pentose sugar.
Entner-Doudoroff or Ketogluconate Pathway
differs from the EMP pathway primarily in the form of
the 6-carbon intermediate that undergoes C3-C3 cleavage
(aldol cleavage) to form three-carbon intermediates.


Inicio de la va del 6 fosfo gluconato



Phosphoketolase
Pathway

Oxidative Pentose
Phosphate Cycle

After one turn of the cycle, the net reaction is

Encircled P, phosphate group; G-6-P, glucose-6-phosphate; 6-PG, 6-
phosphogluconate; F-6-P, fructose-6-phosphate; F-1,6-BP, fructose-1,6-
bisphosphate; DOHAP, dihydroxyacetone phosphate; GA-P, glyceraldehyde-3-
phosphate.
Tarea
Cul es el destino de los carbonos 3 y 4 marcados con
radiactividad de una glucosa que entra a la va

1. EMP
2. Entner-Doudoroff
3. Pentosa fosfato
4. Fosfogluconato
5. Ciclo oxidativo de pentosa fosfato ?
Diferencias entre la gluclisis y la via de la
pentosa fosfato
Glycolysis generates NADH, which can be reoxidized by linkage to the
electron transport system, or under anaerobic conditions it can be used to
reduce an oxidized substrate, such as pyruvate, to lactate.
Diferencias entre la gluclisis y la via de la
pentosa fosfato
The pentose phosphate pathway generates NADPH, which is used primarily
for reducing power in biosynthetic reaction (e.g., the conversion of -
ketoglutarate to glutamate or the incorporation of acetate into fatty acids)
and is not linked to the terminal respiratory system.

Operation of the TCA
cycle under
anaerobic
conditions.

GLUCONEOGENESIS
Growth of microorganisms on poor carbon sources,
(L-malate, succinate, acetate, or glycerol),
requires the ability to synthesize hexoses for the production of other
compounds
(cell wall mucopeptides, storage glycogen, and other compounds derived from
hexose, such as pentoses, for nucleic acid biosynthesis).

Pyruvate kinase is not reversible
12. Pyruvate kinase (pykA; pykF). Generates ATP from ADP
14. Pyruvate carboxylase. Converts pyruvate to oxaloacetic acid (OAA) via carbon
dioxide (CO2) fixation using ATP.
15. PEP carboxykinase. Forms phosphoenolpyruvate from OAA using GTP..
A second irreversible enzyme is
phosphofructokinase
5. Phosphofructokinase (pfkA).
Phosphorylation of F-6-P to FBP using ATP.
16. Fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase. Removes
Pi from F-1,6-bisP to form F-6-P.
The third bypass reaction required for gluconeogenesis
involves dephosphorylation
of G-6-P

the formation of glucose from pyruvate
requires a considerable
expenditure of energy
Gluconeogenesis Regulation
A major regulatory step is PEP carboxykinase, encoded by pckA in E. coli.
By catabolite repression, a process in which gluconeogenesis is inhibited when
glucose or other carbohydrate carbon sources are available.
Gluconeogenesis Regulation
Maximum levels of PEP carboxykinase are induced at
the onset of the stationary phase of growth,
to ensure the synthesis of adequate carbohydrate storage reserves or
to provide metabolites from the upper part of the EMP pathway as the organism
converts proteins to gluconeogenic amino acids.


Gluconeogenesis Regulation
The stationary phase induction of PEP carboxykinase requires
Cyclic AMP and
a regulatory signal, (not been fully elucidated)
Glycogen Synthesis