BETA NUR PRATIWI

(M0211012)
What is OTEC ?

OTEC (ocean thermal energy conversion) :
sistem konversi energi panas laut menjadi energi listrik.





FUNDAMENTALS
75% of the Earth Covered by water
Ocean water stores much more heat than the
atmosphere
(Jackie Rowley)



Lockheed Martin Corporation
History
1881: Jacques Arsene d'Arsonval, a French physicist, was the
first to propose tapping the thermal energy of the ocean.
Georges Claude, a student of d'Arsonval's, built an
experimental open-cycle OTEC system at Matanzas Bay, Cuba,
in 1930. The system produced 22 kilowatts (kW) of electricity
by using a low-pressure turbine. In 1935, Claude constructed
another open-cycle plant, this time aboard a 10,000-ton cargo
vessel moored off the coast of Brazil. But both plants were
destroyed by weather and waves, and Claude never achieved
his goal of producing net power (the remainder after
subtracting power needed to run the system) from an open-
cycle OTEC system.
1956: French researchers designed a 3-megawatt (electric)
(MWe) open-cycle plant for Abidjan on Africa's west coast.
But the plant was never completed because of competition
with inexpensive hydroelectric power.
History Contd
1979: The first 50-kilowatt ( (kWe)
closed-cycle OTEC demonstration
plant went up at NELHA.
Known as "Mini-OTEC," the plant
was mounted on a converted U.S.
Navy barge moored approximately 2
kilometers off Keahole Point. The
plant used a cold-water pipe to
produce 52 kWe of gross power and
15 kWe net power.

1993: An open-cycle OTEC plant at Keahole Point, Hawaii,
produced 50,000 watts of electricity during a net power-
producing experiment.
This broke the record of 40,000 watts set by a Japanese system
in 1982.
Today, scientists are developing new, cost-effective, state-of-
the-art turbines for open-cycle OTEC systems, experimenting
with anti corroding Titanium and plastics as rotor material.
The new designs for OTEC are still mostly experimental. Only
small-scale versions have been made. The largest so far is near
Japan, and it can create 100 kilowatts of electricity.
OTEC Description
Oceanic Thermal Energy Conversion
OTEC utilizes the oceans 20C natural thermal gradient
between the warm surface water and the cold deep sea water
to drive a Rankine Cycle
OTEC utilizes the worlds largest solar radiation collector -
the ocean. The ocean contains enough energy power all of
the worlds electrical needs.
12/18/2009 8 OTEC African Deployment
OTEC System P-Diagram
OTEC
System
Controls
Water Pump
Fluid Pump
OTEC CPU
Turbine
Generator
Heat Exchangers
Pipes
Working fluid

(Noise Factors)
Temperature
Sea state
Weather
Corrosion
(Output Functions)
Power
Water

(Input Signals)
Water
Startup Power

9 OTEC African Deployment
Operational Concept
System Boundary
Power Plant
Control
System
Warm Seawater is
External Input
Cold Seawater is
External Input
Power to Power
Plant is System
Output
12/18/2009 10 OTEC African Deployment
Open-Cycle

Open-cycle OTEC uses the tropical oceans' warm surface
water to make electricity. When warm seawater is placed in a
low-pressure container, it boils. The expanding steam drives a
low-pressure turbine attached to an electrical generator. The
steam, which has left its salt behind in the low-pressure
container, is almost pure fresh water. It is condensed back
into a liquid by exposure to cold temperatures from deep-
ocean water.
Closed-Cycle (Rankine)
Closed-cycle systems use fluid with a low-boiling point, such as
ammonia, to rotate a turbine to generate electricity. Here's how
it works. Warm surface seawater is pumped through a heat
exchanger where the low-boiling-point fluid is vaporized. The
expanding vapor turns the turbo-generator. Then, cold, deep
seawaterpumped through a second heat exchanger
condenses the vapor back into a liquid, which is then recycled
through the system.
Laju amonia menguap(kg/s)
h:entalphi
Hybrid System
Hybrid systems combine the features of both the closed-cycle
and open-cycle systems. In a hybrid system, warm seawater
enters a vacuum chamber where it is flash-evaporated into
steam, similar to the open-cycle evaporation process. The
steam vaporizes a low-boiling-point fluid (in a closed-cycle
loop) that drives a turbine to produces electricity.
Ammonia is the working fluid

Warm sea water is flashed and
is then used to vaporize
ammonia


MAIN COMPONENTS OF AN OTEC SYSTEM Evaporators
Condensers
Cold-water pipe
Turbines
HEAT EXCHANGERS
In an advanced plate-and-fin design,
working fluid and seawater flow
through alternating parallel plates; fins
between the plates enhance the heat
transfer
Original material chosen Titanium -
Expensive, so alternative material
Aluminium.
Selected Aluminium alloys may last 20
years in seawater.



Characterized by low pressure ratios and high mass flow of working fluids.
The turbine is to be designed to have a good isentropic expansion efficiency
over a considerable range of pressure ratio
TURBINES
Otec production of electricity
Nominal value: 30 tahun
ECONOMIC CONSIDERATIONS
OTEC needs high investment
Efficiency only 3% - low energy density large heat transfer equipment
therefore more cost
Factors to be considered while choosing a site:
Thermal gradient in the ocean
Topography of the ocean floor
Meteorological conditions hurricanes
Seismic activity
Availability of personnel to operate the plant
Infrastructure airports, harbors, etcilability
of shoreline sites
Offshore
Distance,
km
Capital
Cost, $/kW
COE,
$/kWh
10 4200 0.07
50 5000 0.08
100 6000 0.10
200 8100 0.13
300 10200 0.17
400 12300 0.22
Cost Estimates for 100 MW CC-OTEC Plantship
(COE for 10 % Fixed Rate, 20 years, Annual Operation & Maintenance 1% percent of Capital Cost).

POTENTIAL
Equatorial, tropical and sub-tropical regions i.e.
20 N to 20 S, have favorable temperature profile
Total estimated potential 577000 MW

99 nations and territories have access to the
OTEC thermal resource:

AmericasMainland - 15
AmericasIsland - 23
AfricaMainland - 18
AfricaIsland - 5
Indian/Pacific OceanMainland - 11
Indian/Pacific OceanIsland - 27
Countries with access to deep ocean water within 10Km of
shore and favorable business climate:
AmericasMainland - 1, Mexico
AmericasIsland - 12
AfricaMainland - 1, Tanzania
AfricaIsland - 1, Madagascar
Indian/Pacific OceanMainland - 1, India
Indian/Pacific OceanIsland

Environmental Aspects
Positives:
Environmentally benign - no toxic products are released
Carbon di oxide emission - less than 1% of fossil fuel plant
Nutrient rich cold water promotes mariculture
Chilled soil agriculture promotes growth of temperate
crops in tropical regions.
Cold water for air conditioning
Fresh water production (1 MW plant -> 4500 m
3
)
Promotes mariculture


Environmental Aspects
Negatives:
Fish eggs and larvae entrained, destroyed
Sterilization of land by land based plants
Floating plants navigational hazard
Metal pieces entrained affects marine orgs.
Mixing of warm and cold sea water
OTEC is yet untested on large scale over a long period of
time

Records available from experimental plants demonstrate
technical viability and provide invaluable data on the
operation of OTEC plants. The economic evaluation of
OTEC plants indicates that their commercial future lies in
floating plants of approximately 100 MW capacity for
industrialized nations and smaller plants for small-island-
developing-states
Small OC-OTEC plants can be sized to produce from 1 MW
to 10 MW of electricity, and at least 1700 m
3
to 3500 m
3
of
desalinated water per day.


The Future
210kW OC-OTEC Experimental Plant (1993-1998) in Hawaii

OTEC R&D
Prospek di Indonesia
Untuk lautan di wilayah Indonesia, potensi termal 2,5 x 10
23
joule
dengan efisiensi konversi energi panas laut sebesar tiga persen dapat
menghasilkan daya sekitar 240.000 MW. Potensi energi panas laut
yang baik terletak pada daerah antara 6- 9 lintang selatan dan 104-
109 bujur timur. Di daerah tersebut pada jarak kurang dari 20 km
dari pantai didapatkan suhu rata-rata permukaan laut di atas 28C
dan didapatkan perbedaan suhu permukaan dan kedalaman laut
(1.000 m) sebesar 22,8C. Sedangkan perbedaan suhu rata-rata
tahunan permukaan dan kedalaman lautan (650 m) lebih tinggi dari
20C. Konversi energi panas laut dapat dijadikan alternatif
pemenuhan kebutuhan energi listrik di Indonesia.
Resources
http://www.otecnews.org/
http://www.hawaii.gov/dbedt/ert/otec/index.html
http://www.ocees.com/mainpages/qanda.html#faq3
Pierre Cannon
Sumon Nandy
Amy Nandy
PRABUDDHA BANSAL
ARAVIND G
NAVANEETHA KRISHNAN N
SHASHANK NARAYAN
Finney, Karen Anne.2008.. Guelph Engineering Journal, Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion
(1), 17 - 23. ISSN: 1916-1107.
Kadir, Abdul. 2005. Teknologi Konversi Energi Panas Laut:Prinsip, Perkembangan dan
Prospek.
L.A.Vega,Ph.D. Marine Technology Society Journal, Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion
Primer V. 6, No. 4 Winter 2002/2003 pp. 25-35
Mamahit, E.J.Calvin. Pengembangan Konversi Energi Panas Laut.
Takahashi and Masutani.2001. Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion OTEC. University of
Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, HI, USA.