API RECOMMENDEDPRACTICE40

CARLA JULIANA CAMACHO 2112432

EVERT JULIAN RENGIFO 2112465
JOS ANDRS SALCEDO 2112439
JUAN CAMILO MOLANO 2112452
The
principal
techniques
for fluid
saturations
Full-
diameter
cores
Plugs
Sidewall
cores
Gypsum-
bearing
samples
Coal, oil
shale
Samples
from cores
recovered
Cores
obtained
after
created
wells
They are
quarried
from
surface
formations
full-
diameter
coring
devices
Table 41 R!"# T$%e a&' Re"!((e&'e' Fl)*'
Sa+),a+*!& Te-+*&. Me+/!'0-1
422 RETORT METHOD AT ATMOS3HERIC 3RESSURE
42221 FULLDIAMETER CORES
s placed in the cell of
a mercury pump
poured into the retort
in the oven
Sample
!"g-!#g
Sample crushed
$ inch% !""g-!&#g
The fluid saturation
sample
Permeability and'or
(oyle)s *aw porosity
s bro+en lengthwise
into two halves,
RE3RESENTATIVE
SAM3LE
using a geologist)s
hammer,
Two inches in
length
ta+en from full-
diameter cores
-" to .# minutes,
!,""" to !,-""/F
oil saturation
0#"/F 1!&&/C2 water
saturation
+erogen
3ay yield incorrect oil
volumes
3ercury is in4ected
&#"-!""" psi
gas saturation
5ith water and or
oil in his places
6olume of in4ected
mercury

Stainless steel
retort1s2

7ven

5ater bath

Calibrated glass
receiving tube 8 !#
ml

9iamond saw,
3ercury pump,
Centrifuge
F*.),e 41
S+a*&le-- S+eel O4e&
Re+!,+ a&' 5a+e, 6a+/2
A+(!-%/e,*" 3,e--),e
A%%a,a+)-
Cal")la+*!&-
:dvantages
The large samples ensuring better
representation of the lithology,
The analytical process is rapid and
provides required saturation data within
hours,
Fluid volumes are measured directly,
*imitations
5ater saturation 1and porosity2 may
be too high if samples contain large
amounts of montmorillonite or
gypsum, *ow oil saturations
7il saturation 1and porosity2 may be
high if the sample 1shales2 contains
solid hydrocarbons that brea+ down at
high temperature,
: second piece of core material is
required to determine bul+ volume,
natural density, and gas-filled pore
volume, *ithologically similar
42222 3ERCUSSION SIDE5ALL CORES
The fluid saturation
sample
Gas, oil, and water volume
measurements are made on the
same sample
3e,")--*!& S*'e7all
C!,e-
The equipment is
scaled down
Smaller sample
The sample is weighed
to the nearest ","!
gram,
;ach sample is
cleaned of drilling
fluid solids 1+nife2
<ethor method at
atmospheric
pressure
The sample is placed
in the cell of a
mercury pump,
oil and water
saturation
measures the gas-
filled pore volume
Pump pressure
&#"-!"""psi
Compressibility of the
water and'or oil is
minimal,

Stainless steel retort1s2

7ven

5ater bath

Calibrated glass receiving tube 8 #

ml

9iamond saw, 3ercury pump,

Centrifuge

: gas chromatograph is optional

F*.),e 42 Re+!,+ C)% S*'e7all

Sa(%le
A%%a,a+)-
Cal")la+*!&-
:dvantages
Gas, oil, and water measurements are
made using one sample,
This is a =direct> measurement method
where gas, oil, and water measurements
are made independently,
The method is relatively rapid,
*imitations
The distilled liquids may form
emulsions,
For very friable or unconsolidated
sands the measured gas-filled pore
volume may be high,
Porosity and fluid saturation values
can be in error if gypsum or
hydratable clays 1montmorillonite2 are
present,
423 DISTILLATION E8TRACTION METHOD
0DEAN STAR91
42321 3LUG SAM3LES
:nalytical balance
The thimble'plug sample
should be weighed to
the nearest ",""! gram
:re prepared using a
compatible fluid with the
fluid used to cut the core,
Permeability and'or
(oyle)s *aw porosity
The samples and'or thimbles
should be placed in the
apparatus,
The sample is oven
dried and weighed,
Solvent e?traction of
the oil fraction from
the sample,
9istillation water
fraction with ebullient
solvent
The samples are e?tracted
with a solvent 1toluene2
The e?traction efficiency is
evaluated with chlorothene
under an ultraviolet light
3LUG SAM3LES AND
ROTAR: SIDE5ALL
CORES2
preservation of
residual oil or water
saturation ,
The distillation'
e?traction process
continues for a
minimum of .@
hours,
f there is any
remaining oil, that
fluoresces
The flas+ is wide-mouthed, long-nec+ed, and support the e?traction
thimble,,
The trap or sidearm has a graduated section mar+ed in ",! ml divisions,
The condenser is a water-cooled, reflu?, glass-tube type, with !!,@ inches
10"" millimeters2 long,
: glass tube desiccant holder is fitted to the top of the condenser ,
;?traction thimbles8 a glass thimble with a fritted glass bottom1cellulose2
for holding a plug sample,
9rying oven8 a convection or vacuum oven may be used, a humidity oven
for samples containing large amounts clays,
Solvent8 toluene 1reagent grade2 or other suitable solvent,
A%%a,a+)- a&' Rea.e&+-
Cal")la+*!&-
:dvantages
5ater volume determinations are
generally very accurate,
Typically, the sample is not damaged
and can be used for further testing,
Aowever, the wettability may be
altered,
<elatively low temperatures B-!-/F
1!""/C2C are used% hence, little if any of
the clay hydro?yl waters are removed,
*imitations
;rrors in the determination of the
water saturation8 atmospheric
humidity is high, water evaporates
from the sample,
Porosity and water saturation values
can be in error if gypsum or
hydratable clays 1montmorillonite2 are
present,
7il volumes are not found directly,
42323 3RESSURE
RETAINED
CORE ANAL:SIS
freeDes water, immobiliDes
oil, and traps gas,
The cores are +ept froDen
with dry ice until the
laboratory analysis,
The sample maintain the
pressure of the bottom hole
in surface
3RESSURERETAINED
CORE ANAL:SIS
Fluid e?pulsion has been
minimiDed during core
barrel retrieval,
;?tractor cleaning
using C7- charged
toluene !@"/F
heat is applied
to distill remaining
water'oil in the core
5eighed and placed
in the gas collection
system,
;ncased in steel tubing
and froDen in chests of
dry ice,
Core Preparation
Gas-9riven Solvent
;?traction and
Saturation
Gas Collection
9istillation
;?traction 19ean-
Star+2
6acuum oven at
-."/F to dry sample
6acuum oven at
-."/F to remove
e?traction solvent
The froDen core is
then allowed to thaw
to room temperature
Cut two diametrically
opposed grooves steel
tubing
Fluids saturation
The volume of oil
e?tracted is
determined
gravimetrically
5ater and oil
e?pelled by the
evolving gas are
collected
The froDen segments
are wrapped in plastic
wrap and aluminum
foil

The system is equipped

with a pressure gauge

f the gas collection cell

pressure e?ceeds " psig

:n secondary cell is then

opened to allow collection
of gas,

determine gas gravity and

component mole percent,

The chloride and bromide

content of the water , oil
gravity
F*.),e 46 Ga- C!lle"+*!&;3,e--),e
De%le+*!& S$-+e(
Cal")la+*!&-
Pressure-retained coring is an e?pensive, meticulous,
and time consuming operation, t requires a straight and a specially formulated
drilling fluid
3inimiDing pore space flushing during coring
This process is designed to prevent alteration from
depletion, but not from flushing, Through use of low fluid loss drilling fluid, and by
penetrating the formation as rapidly as possible
A'4a&+a.e-;L*(*+a+*!&-
42324
S3ONGE
CORE
ANAL:SIS
;?panding gases displace
crude oil'water that are
captured by an sponge,
The core sample e?tracts surface
itself
The core enters a E inch thic+
polyurethane sponge or cellulose,
&"F G
RE3RESENTATIVE SAM3LE
s placed sleeve inside an
aluminum liner
7il-5et Sponge 5ater-5et Sponge
:fter retrieval, cut sections # ft and
transport with the same fluid used to
saturate the sponge,
6olume of oil in the
sponge
The sponge is
saturated with brine
water-based
drilling fluid
Solvent dissolution of
the captured crude
1!HH02
Iuclear 3agnetic
<esonance
Spectroscopic
determination of the amount
of crude in solution,
the sponge without the
aluminum liner,
6olume of water in the
sponge
Prevent absorption of
moisture from the
atmosphere
The sponge is saturated with
dry mineral oil
Standard distillation
e?traction analysis on water-
wet sponge
oil-based
drilling fluid

Aigh speed table,

: !"-inch 1-#,.-centime-ter2 diameter carbide blade,

!,# horsepower motor to open the aluminum core barrel,

6isible spectrometer,

Io visible color solvent,

Jltraviolet-fluorescence spectrometer,

Io aromatics solvent,

Iear-infrared 1I<2 spectrometer

Preferably no C-A bonds solvent,

Iuclear magnetic resonance 1I3<2

spectrometer,

Preferably no C-A bonds solvent,

Flas+

Trap8 section mar+ed in ",! ml

divisions

Condenser8 !!,@ inches 10"" mm2 long,

9esiccant holder8 is above the condenser

,

;?traction thimbles8 glass or cellulose,

9rying oven, humidity oven,

Solvent8 toluene
A%%a,a+)- a&' Rea.e&+-
OIL5ET S3ONGE
Spectroscopic determination
5ATER5ET S3ONGE
Dea&S+a,#
Cal")la+*!&-
OIL5ET S3ONGE
Spectroscopic determination
R%7< K <esponse of spectrometer per weight fraction
of sponge-imbibed lease crude in the final solvent
e?tract, Jnits of R%7< must be the same as the units
of Ra,
RaK <esponse of spectrometer for an aliquot of the
solvent e?tract recovered from a piece of sponge,
5+- K 5eight of the total crude solution recovered
froma piece of sponge core,
5+"K Total weight of crude that was in a piece of
spongecore, g,
V+" K Total volume of crude that was in a piece of
sponge core, cm0,
=" K 9ensity of lease crude, g'cm0,
5ATER5ET S3ONGE
9ean-Satr+
Vb, K 6olume of brine corresponding to the
volume of distilled water collected from a
piece of sponge, cm0,
V7 K 6olume of distilled water collected
from a piece of sponge 1e,g,, 9ean-Star+2,
cm0,
=7 K 9ensity of distilled water, g'cm0,
=b K 9ensity of lease brine having a
concentration, Cs, of salt, g'cm0,
C- K Concentration of dissolved salts in
lease brine
K1!,""","""2 1weight of salt2'1weight of
brine2, ppm,
Sponge core is a less e?pensive alternative to
pressure-retained coring and is operationally
simpler,
Can determine the amount of oil 1or water2
captured in the sponge,
These volumes is added to the amount of oil or
water remaining in the core to obtain more
accurate values of saturation,
:ny hydrocarbon gases that are released are not
retained, and so are not available for analysis,
A'4a&+a.e-;L*(*+a+*!&-
42325
3RODUCTIVE
SHALE
Fluids saturation analysis
<oc+s composed of clay-to-
silt-siDed particles
3RODUCTIVE SHALE
Potentially oil
productive shale
(ul+ volumes and
samples weighed
9istillation
;?traction 3ethod
1dean-star+2
Cannot be applicable
the retort process
Crush sample using
mortar and pestle
1e?pedite analysis2
3easuring the
densities of grain
6olume of water and
oil
*ong times of
e?tration
*ow permeability
Possible presence of
tightly bound or
structural water
Presence for solid
organics,
7il will be generated
at temperatures used
in this process
Lielding high oil
volumes,
:dvantages
:ll measurements can be made on the
same sample,
Solid organics are not represented in
oil volumes,
:ccurate grain densities can be
measured,
*imitations
7il volumes are sensitive to drying
techniques,
*ong e?traction times are needed due
to the low permeability of this type of
roc+ material,
Sample loss is critical in determination
of oil content,
42326 TAR 0OIL1 SAND ANAL:SIS
The plug should be
drilled using liquid
nitrogen1lubricant2
TAR 0OIL1 SANDS
The froDen plug is
placed inside a
sleeve
9istillation
;?traction 3ethod
1dean-star+2
The oil content can
be determined
directly
The bitumen has an
initial boiling point
0H-/F 1-""/C2
Aeat shrin+able
polytetraflouroethylene
1PTF;2
to +eep the plug intact
when the bitumen is
removed,
The core may be froDen
prior to obtaining a
sample
Placed on glass fiber filter
paper, The toluene is
evaporated
Toluene is added, :n
aliquot is ta+en from the
flas+
The toluene-bitumen
bottoms are
transferred into a flas+
The bitumen is
weighed,
This method is +nown as the M!'*<*e' Dea&
S+a,# Me+/!' !, AOSI35>3
Cal")la+*!&-
The liquid content values are determined on one
sample,
The method is fairly rapid,,
The calculations are not comple?,
f the sample has a high tar 1oil2 content, it may be
necessary dirty toluene in the boiling flas+ can be
replaced with clean toluene,
A'4a&+a.e-;L*(*+a+*!&-?
4232> FILTRATE
INVASION ANAL:SIS
03RESSURE CORES1
The plug and donut samples are
weighed and placed into separate
9ean-Star+
: vertical plug is drilled from the
center of each sample 8 plug and
donut portions of the sample
Sample is ta+en every . ft, right
cylinders - to 0 inches are cut,
Tritiated water
1water-base drilling fluid2
:re mi?ed with a tracer substance
1adding atracer1s2 to the drilling fluid
system2
RE3RESENTATIVE SAM3LE
9istill the water from the
core and to e?tract the oil
Tritiated he?adecane
1oil base drilling fluid2
:llows determination of the drilling
fluid filtrate amount contained in the
core
allows a qualitative assessment
the saturation alteration
that occurs by flushing
during coring
calculation of the salinity
of the formation water
The samples are dried in a convection
oven at -."/F
F*.),e 4>@3l). a&' D!&)+ Sa(%le
F!, F*l+,a+e I&4a-*!& S+)'$
The quantity of drilling fluid filtrate contained in the core
segments at the completion of the coring operations prior to
surfacing can be quantitatively determined,
n situ saturation may not be qualitatively determined even
with +nowledge of the amount of drilling fluid filtrate
contained in the core segments,
selection criterion is that they should not be chemically or
biologically altered by the reservoir roc+, Tritiated water can
be recovered by 9ean-Star+
Since the plug and donut samples are placed into the 9ean-
Star+ distillation e?traction apparatus in a froDen state, gas is
prevented from escaping from the samples,
A'4a&+a.e-;L*(*+a+*!&-
424 SOLVENT FLUSHING
9a,l F*-"/e, T*+,a+*!&?
:n alternating methanol-toluene
solvent in4ection sequence
:re cleaned by dynamic miscible
dis-placement solvents
The sample is weighed 1",! g2 and
loaded into the core holder,
3ethanol is tested for the
presence of salts BppmC
The effluent is collected in a
stoppered vessel, -# ml
SOLVENT FLUSHING
(eginning with the solvent
that is miscible with the
mobile phase
Toluene, in4ection is
continued until the effluent
appears clear
The water content of the produced
effluents analyDed by Marl Fischer
titration,
The sample is unloaded, dried ,
weighed
Toluene if the oil is
mobile,
3ethanol if the brine
is mobile
Jsing silver nitrate ",!
I
The pore volume
determined
by helium in4ection,
Cal")la+*!&-
425 SCANNING METHODS
*aboratory techniques for scanning
measurements
SCANNING METHODS
of water, oil, and gas
saturations in core samples
have been reported,
3icrowave absorption
Iuclear magnetic
resonance 1I3<2
resonance and neutron
attenuation radiography
*inear gamma-ray
absorption
*inear ?-ray
absorption
computer assisted
1a?ial2
tomography 1CT2
5ater molecules
absorb energy,
fluids with proton
A!, C!0, Ia-0,
P0!, F!H,
:re more fluid
attenuated by
roc+s
:bsorption of
high energy
electromagneti
c radiation
by fluids that have been
tagged with high
absorption agents
not require any
addition of
tagging agents
Cal")la+*!&-
Their ability to provide information on the spatial
distribution of the fluid saturation, The measurements are made noninvasively and
nondestructively,,
;?traction of fluids is not required prior to flow tests
on preserved cores 1that can be difficult in full-siDed or
tight cores2,
The microwave and I3< techniques can be used for
water saturation determination because they do not
require any tagging agents ,
: limitation of the I3< technique is the inability to
handle cores containing significant ferromagnetic
materials, clays, or gas
A'4a&+a.e-;L*(*+a+*!&-
426 COAL
ANAL:SIS
The samples are dried in a
convection oven at --#/F, N#/F
Crushed sample core
3inimal weight of #"" g
5ith coal, the fluid of primary
concern is water
Ta+ing successive weight
measurements until equilibrium is
achieved,
COAL ANAL:SIS
5ater saturation, 3oisture
content
Selected in a Io, @
Sieve 1-,0@ mm2, H#F
of the Sample
;valuating the quality of
coal
Aalf-hour intervals
The weight loss of the
sample,
Jntil the weight loss
between successive
measurements is less than
","# F
3oisture content

Crusher8 to reduce the coal to the siDe retained on a Io, @ 1-,0@ mm2 sieve,

9rying pans8 crushed samples with a thic+ness of less than -,# cm, height
0,@ cm to,

9rying oven8 is capable of maintaining a constant temperature of --#/F, N#/F

(alance8 should be sensitive to ",! gram

Io, @ Sieve 1-,0@ mm28 :t least H#F of the crushed sample should pass through
the sieve,

Glass desiccator
A%%a,a+)-
Cal")la+*!&-
42> OIL SHALES
The representative sample, two
inches in length
The <etort 3ethod at
:tmospheric Pressure
The fluid saturations
OIL SHALES
6olumes of fluids in
collecting pipes
!# ml
neither the gas-filled
pore volume nor the
porosity are required,
is not bro+en in half,
The oven
temperature is
!"""/F 1#0@/C2
Io screen the
crushed sample
:n ad4acent sample is
not prepared for the
mercury pump tests,
Permeability is a not a
consideration in oil
shale analysis,
42A G:3SUM6EARING
CORES
The qualitative method
The plug one inches in length, one
inches in diameter
Gypsum 1CaS7.,-A-72 often are
from carbonate formations
G:3SUM6EARING CORES
(oyle)s law
porosimeter,
to remove the aDeotrope
mi?ture from the
samples,
Collects water and oil
porosity is
determined,
6acuum oven for at least
-. hours
*ow temperatures
during the cleaning
and drying phases
Cleaned in a pressure
vessel using an
aDeotrope mi?ture
Total content of
gypsum in the
sample
<emoves the water
of crystalliDation,
from the gypsum
!'0 acetone, !'0
cyclohe?ane, and
!'0methanol
to minimiDe alteration
of gypsum in the plug
samples,
Cal")la+*!&-
f the gas saturation is non-Dero,
the water saturation can be
calculated by assuming a grain
density for anhydrite8