Anatomy and Physiology 1

Cellular Anatomy and

Physiology
Hierarchical Organisation of the Body
Image from http://www.hksports.net/hkpe/human_body/body_hierarchy.htm
Diversity of Cells
Image from Martini 1998
All organisms are made of cells

Within cells many functions take place

Cells communicate within themselves and
also with other cells
Cells react to hormones and
neurotransmitters

Many different specialised cells make up
the systems of the human body
Cardiovascular
systems
Muscular
systems
Digestive
systems
Image from Martini 1998
Structure of Cells cell membrane
Cell membrane encloses all cells contents

Cell membranes consist of a lipid layer
with large amounts of cholesterol

Protein scattered through the lipid layer
include enzymes, receptors and
transporters
Image from Martini 1998
Selective permeability allows specific
substances into the cell, while leaving others
out




The internal environment of all cells is
composed of water

Image from http://anatomy.iupui.edu/courses/histo_D502/D502f04/lecture.f04/cell.f04/cellf04.html.html
Structure of Cells Cytoplasm
Cytoplasm is the cellular material inside
the cell membrane and outside the
nucleus

Cytoplasm is comprised of metabolic
machines called organelles

Substances within cells vary liver and
muscle cells contain high levels of CHO
Image from Martini 1998
Structure of Cells Nucleus
Considered the control centre for cells and
contains the genes of the cells

These genes give the cell the ability to
duplicate itself

Most cells have one nucleus, some have
multiple including muscle cells
Red blood cells do not have nuclei
Genetic material is called DNA
OR
Deoxyribonucleic acid
Image from http://sun.menloschool.org/~birchler/cells/animals/nucleus/
Image from http://micro.magnet.fsu.edu/cells/nucleus/nucleus.html
Structure of Cells
mitochondria
The power plant of the cell

Supplies the cell with energy in the form of
ATP or adenosine triphospate

ATP is produced through a series of steps
known as the aerobic energy system

Aerobic energy
system is heavily
involved in activities
that last longer than a
few minutes

Cells that are packed
with mitochondria
have high energy
requirements
Image from http://www.colorado.edu/epob/academics/web_resources/cartoons/atp.html
Metabolically active cells such as liver and
muscle cells use large amounts of ATP
every day
The human body can oxidise up 120
kilograms of ATP in one day!
Image from http://www.cat.cc.md.us/~gkaiser/biotutorials/energy/adpan.html
Image from Martini 1998
http://www.cellsalive.com/cells/cell_model.htm
http://www.dnaftb.org/
http://www.bris.ac.uk/Depts/Chemistry/MO
TM/atp/atp1.htm