RECENT

ADVANCES IN
DENTAL CERAMICS
CONTENTS
Introduction
History
Glass infiltrated alumina
Incerams
Procera all ceram
Pressable ceramics
Machinable ceramics
CAD CAM
INTRODUCTION
Though conventional ceramics provide
esthetically pleasing retorations they have many
drawbacks which limit their use.With more and
more studies coming in the field of ceramics and
with the advent of digital technology newer and
better products are flooding the market these
days.The chinese clay of olden days have
become the unavoidable product in esthetic
dentistry...



* reinforced ceramic core systems
metal-ceramics
resin-bonded
ceramics
HISTORY
Since the stone age ceramics have been
important for humans.

1789-de_chemant & Duchateau.
1822-baking process.
1825-commercial production by Stockton.
1903-Dr.Charles Land-first ceramic crown
1962-Patents by weinstien and wenstein.
1965-Mclean & Hughes

CLASSIFICATION
USE
COMPO
SITION
PROCESSING
METHOD
FIRING TEMP. MICRO
STRUCT
URE
TRANSLU
CENCY
ABRASIVEN
ESS
OPAQUE
TRANSLUCENT
TRANSPARENT
GLASS

CRYTALLINE

CRYSTAL -GLASS
LOW FUSING

MEDIUM

HIGH FUSING

SINTERING

PARTIAL SINT

GLASS INFIL.

CAD-CAM

COPY MILLING
PURE ALUMINA

P.ZIRCONIA

P.SILICA GLASS

LEUCITE.G.CER

LITHIA BASED


ANT.
POST.
CROWNS
VENEERS
P&C
WHY DO WE NEED ADVANCED
PRODUCTS ???
One of the most serious drawbacks with the early dental
porcelains were their lack of strength and toughness, which
seriously limited their use. In order to overcome these
problems, there are two possible solution.
1. One solution is to provide the dental porcelain with
support from a stronger substructure.
2. The other option is to produce ceramics, which are stronger
and tougher.
Metal free ceramic systems
All ceramic systems can provide better esthetics.
Wide range of tranlucency opacities are available
Soft tissue health
No over contouring
Glass infiltrated alumina
In-ceram alumina
Supplied as one of the three core ceramics.
1)in-ceram spinell
2)in-ceram alumina
3)in-ceram zirconia
In - ceram
A slurry of material is slip cast on porous
refractory die and heated in a furnace to produce
a partially sineterd coping.
This coping is infiltrated with glass at
temp1100*c -4hrs

In-ceram alumina
Indication-anterior and posterior crowns and
anterior 3-unit FPDs.
Flexuarl strength-500mPa
The final ICA core consists of 70wt% alumina
and 30wt%sodiumlnathanum glass.
Advantages
Moderately high flexural strength and fracture
resistance.
A metal free structure
An ability to be used succesfully with
conventional luting cements
Drawbacks
Marginal seal is not as good as procera-all ceram
or IPS Empress.
High degree of opacity
Inability to be etched
Technique sensitive
In ceram spinnel
Indications-anterior single unit
creowna,inlays,onlays & veneers.
It is the most translucent among the three .
It was introduced as an aletrnative to ICA

Improved translucency.....better esthetics.

single
anterior
s
anterior
bridges
single
posterio
rs
posterior
bridges

Inlays
onlays veneers
In-
Ceram
Spinell
X


X X X


In-
Ceram
Alumina
X X X



In-
Ceram
Zirconia


X X


In ceram zirconia
Indication-posterior crowns
Not recommended in anteriors due to the high
degree of opacity
But has good modulous of elasticity and fracture
toghness.
Though it has better strength its use is limited to
posteriors due to its greater opacity.
Castable and machinable
ceramics
When used in posteriors ceramic crowns are
succeptible to fracture.
Critical flaw...??
First commercially available castable ceramic-
dicor,developed by corning glass works.
Dicor is a castable glass.
Indicated for onlays,facial veneers,full crown
restorations.
technique......ceramming
Procera all ceram
Composed of densely sintered high purity
Aluminium oxide core+all ceram veneering
porcelain.
Contains 99% alumina.
It is one of the hardest among the ceramics.

Indications-anterior & posterior
crowns,veneers,onlays...
Procera scanner is used.
It is developed through CAD-CAM processing.
CAD-CAM ceramics
Computer aided designing and computer aided
milling.
The internal surface of inlays or crowns is ground
with diamond discs according to the scanned image
of the praparation
ADVANTAGES
No wear of the opposing tooth
Strength
Fracture resistance
Low translucensy
Lava zirconia
They are zirconia based products.
First the milled prosthesis is removed from the
milling unit.
The zirconia frame work is placed in the cercon
furnace and fire at 1350*C for 6 hours.
The purest tetragonal zirconia has got the greatest
fracture toughness and flexural strength.
Contra indicated in patients with bruxism.
Only minimal occlusal reduction of 2mm needed.

Finesse all ceramic
It is a new product patended to dentsply.
Indications-crowns anterior&posterior
Veneers
Inlays
onlays
Finesse All-Ceramic achieve an ideal bond
without the need to create a wash layer
Thus saving time and enhancing the strength of
the restoration.
It is a leucite reinforced ceramic glass material.
Flexural strength- 125mPa
"Pressing" - lost wax injection molding
At 930C, for 20 min
Inherently fluorescent
Ideal transparency range from (clear) to
(opaceous)

PRESSABLE CERAMICS
Introduces by MAC CULLOCH IN 1968
Here,the glass is formed into the devised
shape.
Then it is subjected to partial devitrification.a
presssure moulding technique is followed.

IPS empress-is a glass ceramic avialable as
ingots,
Which can be heated and pressed until the
ingots flows into a mold.
It contains higher concentration of leucite
crystals that increase the resistance to crack
propagation.
It can be tained ,glazed or built up by layering
technique.
No metal component
Translucent ceramic core
Moderately high flexural strength
Excellent fit
Excellent esthetics
ADVANTAGES
Disadvantages
Potential to fracture(in posterior)
Requires a resin cement to micromechanically
bond to the tooth structure.
Y - TZP...??
Yttrium tetragonal zirconia
polycrystal
One the latest advacements in the field of all
ceramic restorations.
Phase transformation from monoclonal to
tetragonal on firing.
Adding zerconia stablizes the core during this
phase transformation.
Also the presence of water causes crack
propagation and stress corrosion reactions.
But Y-TZP substructures are independent of
this phenomena.
In vitro studies show a flexural strength of 900-
1200mPa.
Hydroxy apatite based ceramics
Cera pearl,developed by Kyocera co. in CA.
Here the main ceystalline phase is oxy apatite which
can be tranformed to hydroxy apatite on hydration.
Commonly used in implants...for better flexural
strength and bonding.
Shade
Dimensions of color
Metamerism &
Flouresence
Hue

Chroma

Value
Conclusion
Advances in the field of ceramics gives hand
full of newer products for the dentist.
Which will surely enhance the esthetic and
strength characters.
A carefull selection of these products are
essential for successful outcome.
Bibliography
Text book of dental materials-Anusavice.
Dental technitian news letter-2009 march
Text book of ceramics fabrication-Naylor.
Recent advances in ceramics-
Dr.Jennifer,ohio,USA
T H A N K Y O U