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The mother of all the machine tools.

One of the most widely used machine tool.
The first discovered machine ever for cutting
of metal.
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Lathe classification
Bench Lathe
Speed Lathe
Engine Lathe
Tool room lathe
Capstan and Turret Lathe
CNC Lathe (automatic lathe)
Lathe is a machine tool which holds the
work-piece securely in chuck, while the
work-piece revolves.
The cutting tool is strongly held and
supported in a tool post and is fed against a
revolving work-piece.
While the work-piece revolves about its own
axis, the tool is made to move in parallel or
perpendicular or at an inclination with the
axis of the material to be cut.

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So, the main function of the lathe machine is
to remove metal from a work-piece to give it
a desired shape and size.
The material from the work-piece is removed
in the form of chips.
To cut the material properly, the tool material
should be harder than the work-piece
material.

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Dept. of Mech & Mfg. Engg.
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Head stock
Spindle
Feed rod
Bed
Compound rest
and slide(swivels)
Carriage
Apron
selector
Feed change
gearbox
Spindle
speed
Lead screw
Cross slide
Dead center
Tool post
Guide ways
Tailstock quill
Tailstock
Handle
Lathe Machine
The figure above
shows the main 6
elements of the
Lathe Machine.

a) Bed b) Headstock
c) Tailstock d) Carriage
e) Feed mech. f) Lead screw
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It acts as a base of the machine on which,
different fixed and operating parts of the
lathe are mounted.
The headstock and tailstock are mounted on
either end of the bed and the carriage rests
on the lathe bed and slides on it.
It is usually made of cast iron alloyed with
nickel and chromium.

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Functions :-
It is used to support all the elements and to
withstand cutting forces during the
operation.

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It is a box-like casting mounted permanently
on the bed to the left hand end of the
operator.
It supports the spindle (hollow rotating shaft
used to hold the work-piece) and contains a
gear-box or a Pulley by which spindle is
rotated at various speeds.

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Functions :
To support the spindle.
To carry driving mechanism for the work-
piece
To give multiple speeds to the spindle
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It is situated at the right hand end of the bed
and can be moved on the inner-side of the
bed.

Functions:-
To support the other part of the
workpiece when it is being machined
To hold the tool to perform operations
like drilling, reaming, etc.

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It is located between the headstock and
tailstock of the lathe.
It can be moved left or right between the
headstock and tailstock by hand-wheel
It carries the cutting tool and precisely
controls its movements.
Functions:-
To support, guide, and feed
the tool against the workpiece during the
operation


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The movement of the tool relative to the
workpiece is known as feed.
The lathe tool can have longitudinal, cross,
and angular feed.
The feed mech. has various units through
which motion is transmitted from the
headstock spindle to the carriage.
Functions:- It is used to transmit the
motion from headstock spindle to the
carriage.

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Lead screw is a long threaded shaft which is
used as a master screw and it is brought into
operation only when threads have to be cut.
In other times, it is disengaged and remained
stationary.

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1. Distance between centers:
Maximum distance that can be obtained
between the lathe centers
Represents the maximum length of the work
piece that can be held between centers.
2. Overall length of the bed:
Maximum length of the bed starting from the
head stock end to tailstock end.
3. Swing diameter over the bed:
Largest diameter of the work piece that can be
rotated without touching the bed.
4. Swing diameter over a gap in the bed:
Maximum diameter and the width of a work
piece that can be mounted between the centers.
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The various operations that can be performed on a
lathe are:
1. Turning.
2. Eccentric turning.
3. Taper turning.
4. Thread cutting.
5. Facing.
6. Knurling
7. Chamfering.
8. Parting off
9. Grooving
10.Drilling
11.Boring


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Plain Turning:
The process of metal removal from the cylindrical jobs is called
straight or plain turning.
Cross slide and the carriage are used to perform turning
operations.
Plain turning operation is performed in two steps.
Rough turning
Finish turning 2
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Work piece held by
chuck
Cutting
speed

Chip

Workpiece
Depth of cut (d)
Depth of cut
Tool
Feed
Chuck
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Machined
surface
It is a process of removing excess material from the
work piece to generate cone-shaped or cylindrical
surface.
Types:
Straight turning
Shoulder turning
Tool is fed in a direction perpendicular to the lathe axis
Lateral/transverse surface of job is machined.
Length of tool travel = half the dia. of job
Depth of cut is along the axis of job

Parting off
Also know as cutting off operation, Useful in cutting
away the required length from the bar stock.
Tool used is parting off tool
Job is held in chuck &
rotated at relatively high speed




Tool is fed in a direction normal to axis of rotation of job.
High feed rate is given
Abundant supply of coolant should be used
Knurling
Process of embossing a diamond/ straight shaped pattern
onto job.
Types: Straight , diamond & diagonal.
Indentations (knurl) provided on many outside surfaces of
measuring instruments, tool etc for better grip
Special tool (knurling tool) is used for operation.
Tool consists of straight shank fitted with 1 or 2 knurling
wheels (hardened steel & contains teeth on its outer surface)
at its front.
Job is held in chuck and tool is fed across axis of job pressing
against its surface.
In operation, tool should not be withdrawn till its complete.
2-3 passes are required & speed should be low.
Chamfering
Process of beveling the extreme sharp end of job.
Provided - to make the edge blunt
- to enable free movement of nut on threaded job
- to remove burrs


Thread cutting
It is operation of producing helical grooves of specific
shapes on cylindrical surface.
Job is held between centers/chuck/face plate & tool is held
in tool post.
To produce threads of pitch, P mm, the tool must travel a
distance equal to P and also job must make one complete
rotation.
There must be definite rotary & linear motion between job &
tool.
This is achieved by locking/engaging the carriage with lead
screw through a split half nut mechanism and gear ratio
between head stock spindle and lead screw.
Motion is transmitted from spindle to lead screw.

Taper: Defined as a uniform increase or
decrease in diameter of a piece of work
measured along its length.
Taper Turning: To produce a conical surface
by gradual reduction in diameter from a
cylindrical work-piece.
Methods:
A broad nose form tool
Setting over a tail stock centre
Swiveling the compound rest
Taper Turning attachment
Combining longitudinal & cross feed
Two components can be connected to each
other with the help of nuts and bolts, the
cylindrical holes need to be made in the
components.
DRILLING
Its the process of making the cylindrical hole
in the workpiece.

Drilling is the operation of producing
circular hole in the work-piece by using a
rotating cutter called DRILL.

The machine used for drilling is called
drilling machine.
Drilling And Drills
Types of drills
Twist drill: most
common drill
Step drill:
produces holes
of two or more
different
diameters
Core drill: used
to make an
existing hole
bigger
In drilling machine workpiece is
firmly clamped.
The cutting tool drill is fitted in to
the spindle of the drilling machine.
spindle and drill rotate at the
desired speed.
The rotating drill removes the
material from the workpiece in the
form of chips,so as to produce the
cylindrical hole
Base: lower most part that supports the entire
structure.
Worktable: it is mounted on the column,it has
two types of motion: Up and down
and the swing about the axis of the column
it supports the workpiece.
Spindle: it provides the rotary motion.
Drilling head: it is mounted on the top of column.
it contains drive mechanism and feed
mechanism.
Drive mech: it mainly consists of electric motor
and gear box ,itis used for driving the
spindle(drill)
Feed mech: it is used for feeding the spindle
against the workpiece ,it can be
power or hand feed.

1. Drilling: process of making cylindrical hole.
2. Reaming: process of making smoothly finished and accurately sized drilled
hole,when a smooth and accurate hole is required,the hole is 1
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drilled and
then it is reamed,for this a reamer is used.
3. Boring: process of enlarging the existing hole to meet the required size and
finish,drilling larger diam holes,boring tool is used,
4. Counter boring: process of enlarging the existing hole to a larger diameter and
making the surface at the bottom of the larger diameter flat,counter bore is the
tool.
5. Spot facing: process of enlarging and making a smooth furnished hole, it is
similar to that if counter boring except in spot facing the depth of the enlarged
hole is very small it is used to provide a seat for the washer.
6. Counter sinking: counter sink is the conical hole drilled in the workpiece to
accommodate the flat head screw,rivets to be fitted in the hole ,process of
champering the entrance of a drilled hole.counter sink is the tool.
7. Trepanning: process of making a large hole by removing
the metal along the circumference of the hole,used for making large size
holes.
Spot
facing


It is used for medium duty works.
It is used for drilling holes up to 75mm in diam.
Spindle is driven by electric motor through gear drive
as it provides wide range of spindle speeds.
Up and down motion of the work table is controlled by
lead screw
According to the depth of hole to be drilled the
worktable is moved in Up and down direction.


WorkTable can
move vertically and
radially.
Lubrication is important to remove heat and
friction.
Machines should be cleaned after use
Chips should be removed using brush.
T-slots, grooves, spindles sleeves, belts,
pulley should be cleaned.
Machines should be lightly oiled to prevent
from rusting
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