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2004 The Lubrizol Corporation
Function and Chemical Composition
01-30-04 GR103-001
2003 The Lubrizol Corporation
Function and Chemical Composition
NLGI Definition
GR103-004
Grease:
A solid to semisolid product of
dispersion of a thickening agent in a
liquid lubricant. Additives imparting
special properties may be included.
2003 The Lubrizol Corporation
Function and Chemical Composition
Base Stock
86%
Performance
Additive
4%
Thickener
10%
10-20-97 GR103-005
2003 The Lubrizol Corporation
Function and Chemical Composition
Properties Contributed by Thickeners
GR103-011
Thickener Type
Shear
Stability
Water
Resistance
High Temperature
Stability
Calcium (Hydrous) M G P (90)
Calcium (Anhydrous) G G M (140)
Lithium G M G (180)
Sodium M-G P G (200)
Calcium Complex M G G (300)
Lithium Complex G M-G G (250)
Polyurea M-G G G (240)
Bentonite Clay M M G (None)
G = Good, M = Medium, P = Poor
( ): Dropping Point C
2003 The Lubrizol Corporation
Function and Chemical Composition
Properties Determined by Thickener Alone
Rheology
Water resistance
GR103-012
2003 The Lubrizol Corporation
Function and Chemical Composition
Rheology
Describes behavior of flowing materials under stress
Shear rate
Rate at which adjacent layers of a substance
move against one another
Shear stress
Force which must be applied to a substance in
order to cause shear
GR103-013
2003 The Lubrizol Corporation
Function and Chemical Composition
Grease Properties Determined by Base Fluid
Alone
Evaporation loss
GR103-018
2003 The Lubrizol Corporation
Function and Chemical Composition
Grease Properties Determined Jointly by
Thickener, Base Fluid, and Additives
Consistency
Oxidative and thermal stability
Corrosion resistance
Structure stability
Load carrying capability
Low temperature behavior
Dropping point
Elastomer compatibility
GR103-019
2003 The Lubrizol Corporation
Function and Chemical Composition
Thickener
Solvency of fluid medium in thickener
Solvency of thickener in the fluid medium
Attractive forces between the thickener and the fluid
Capillary forces holding the fluid within the fiber
network
Mechanical interlocking of the fiber network
12-10-96 GR103-029
2003 The Lubrizol Corporation
Function and Chemical Composition
Naphthenic Base Oils
Soap tends to be smoother
Soap is more translucent
Oil has better affinity for soap
Pour point lower
Low temperature pumpability
12-10-96 GR103-030
2003 The Lubrizol Corporation
Function and Chemical Composition
Paraffinic Base Oils
High temperature stability
Improved oxidation resistance
Soap formation more difficult
Higher soap content
12-10-96 GR103-031
2003 The Lubrizol Corporation
Function and Chemical Composition
Synthetic Base Oils
Performance at high and low temperatures
Specialty applications
Soap formation difficult
Soap content high
12-10-96 GR103-032
2003 The Lubrizol Corporation
Function and Chemical Composition
Vegetable Base Oils
Biodegradability
Oxidation during heating cycle
Low temperature mobility
High temperature performance
Soap content high
12-10-96 GR103-033
2003 The Lubrizol Corporation
Performance Additives for Grease
Grease additives may be
Organic
Chemically active
Or
Chemically inert
Solid lubricants (inorganic)
GR105-002 03-29-05
2003 The Lubrizol Corporation
Performance Additives for Grease
Chemically Inert Additives
Affect a physical property such as structure,
rheology, or water tolerance
GR105-003
2003 The Lubrizol Corporation
Performance Additives for Grease
Examples of Chemically Inert Additives
Viscosity modifiers
Pour Point depressants
Antifoam agents
Emulsifiers
Demulsifiers
GR105-004
2003 The Lubrizol Corporation
Performance Additives for Grease
Chemically Active Additives
Produce their effect through chemical reaction either
within the lubricant medium or on the metallic surface
GR105-005
2003 The Lubrizol Corporation
Performance Additives for Grease
Examples of Chemically Active Additives
Oxidation inhibitors
Rust and corrosion inhibitors
EP/antiwear agents
GR105-006
2003 The Lubrizol Corporation
Performance Additives for Grease
Current Chemistry
Antimony dithiocarbamate
Sulfurized olefin (combinations)
Chlorinated compounds
Barium sulfonate
Lead dithiocarbamate
Zinc dithiophosphates
GR105-011
2003 The Lubrizol Corporation
Performance Additives for Grease
Future Chemistry
No lead
No antimony
No zinc
No barium
No chlorine
No sodium nitrite
GR105-012
2003 The Lubrizol Corporation
Performance Additives for Grease
Factors Influencing Additive Selection
Performance requirements
Product application
Compatibility
Synergistic/antagonistic reactions
Environmental considerations
Product application
Odor
Disposal
Biodegradability
Color
Cost
GR105-015
2003 The Lubrizol Corporation
Performance Additives for Grease
Types of EP Agents Used in Grease
Formulations
Ashless dithiocarbamates
Borates
Calcium acetate
Chlorinated paraffins
Lead naphthenates and carboxylates
Metal dithiocarbamates
Phosphate and thiophosphate esters
Sulfurized olefins and esters
Zinc dialkyldithiophosphates
04-01-98 GR105-018
2003 The Lubrizol Corporation
Performance Additives for Grease
Antiwear Agents
Borates
Metallic dialkyldithiophosphates
Phosphate and thiophosphate esters
Various molybdenum compounds
04-01-98 GR105-019
2003 The Lubrizol Corporation
Performance Additives for Grease
Zinc Dialkyl Dithiophosphates
GR105-020
Antiwear Antioxidant
Hydrolytic
Stability
Thermal
Stability
Aromatic Poor Poor Poor Best
Primary Moderate Moderate Moderate Moderate
Secondary Best Best Best Poor
2003 The Lubrizol Corporation
Performance Additives for Grease
Oxidation Resistance Factors
Type of thickener
Relative acidity or basicity
Nature of base oil component
GR105-023
2003 The Lubrizol Corporation
Performance Additives for Grease
Results of Oxidation
Increase in penetration
Lowering of dropping point
Drying and cracking
Increased uptake of oxygen
Increased acid number
Deposits on bearing surfaces
GR105-024
2003 The Lubrizol Corporation
Performance Additives for Grease
Types of Oxidation Inhibitors
Hindered phenols
Aromatic amines
Heterocyclic nitrogen compounds
Metal dialkyldithiophosphates
Metal dialkyldithiocarbamates
GR105-025
2003 The Lubrizol Corporation
Performance Additives for Grease
Oxidation Inhibitors
Aromatic amines
Effective at high temperatures; offer little inhibition
at low temperatures
Alkylated phenols
Function well at low temperatures; less effective at
high temperatures because of volatility
Metal dithiocarbamates
Effective oxidation inhibitors because of their
ability to scavenge hydroperoxides
Dual functionality as oxidation inhibitors and EP
agents
GR105-026
2003 The Lubrizol Corporation
Performance Additives for Grease
Rust Inhibitors
Usually highly polar oil soluble compounds
Function by adsorption on metal surface to form
protective film
Function by adsorption on metal surface
Form thin protective film which excludes air and
moisture
GR105-027
2003 The Lubrizol Corporation
Performance Additives for Grease
Types of Rust Inhibitors
Fatty amines
Fatty amides
Carboxylic acids
Sodium and calcium sulfonates
Barium sulfonates
Sodium nitrite
GR105-028
2003 The Lubrizol Corporation
Performance Additives for Grease
Metal Deactivators Triazole and Thiazole
Derivatives
Passivate nonferrous metal surfaces
Compete with sulfur for metal surface to prevent
formation of dark sulfide stains
GR105-029
2003 The Lubrizol Corporation
Performance Additives for Grease
Tackiness Agents
Impart surface adhesion
Polymers
Polyisobutylene
Polymethacrylate
OCP (olefin copolymer)
Styrene/diene copolymers
GR105-030 07-12-05
2003 The Lubrizol Corporation
Performance Additives for Grease
Solid Additives - Function
May impart durability as well as EP protection
Most useful in protecting heavily loaded bearings
from fretting wear galling and seizing
Function at the metal surface under boundary
conditions
Provide method for product recognition
GR105-031
2003 The Lubrizol Corporation
Performance Additives for Grease
Solid Additives - Example
Molybdenum disulfide
Graphite
Powdered zinc
Zinc oxide
Titanium dioxide
Cerium fluoride
01-27-98 GR105-032
2003 The Lubrizol Corporation
Performance Additives for Grease
Multipurpose EP Grease: Typical Additive
Package
GR105-034
%
Extreme pressure 2.00
Friction modifier 0.50
Antiwear agent 0.50
Rust inhibitor 0.50
Oxidation inhibitor 0.25
Metal deactivator 0.25
Total 4.00
2003 The Lubrizol Corporation
Performance Additives for Grease
Multipurpose EP Grease: Typical Performance
06-05-05 GR105-035
Additive
Test Method No Yes
Timken OK load D 2509 8 lb. 45 lb.
Four ball wear D 2266 .68 mm .45 mm
Four ball EP D 2596
LWI
Weld
20.0
160 kg
50
315 kg
Rust D 1743 Fail Pass
Oxidation D 942 --- <5.0 psi Loss
at 100 hrs.
Copper corrosion D 4048 1A 1B