Seminar

Presented by:

Supervisor:
Assoc. Prof. Dr Nam Thanh
Son Phan
Contents
Introduction
Sound wave and ultrasound
Applications of ultrasound in industry
and chemistry, and ultrasound apparatus
Power of ultrasound: Acoustic cavitation
Effects of ultrasound on reactions
4/12 Green principles are adapted
Researches on ultrasound-assisted
reactions
Conclusion

Ultrasound apparatus
ultrasonic cleaning bath
ultrasonic horn
Ultrasound apparatus
Cavitation is an extraordinary
method of concentrating the
diffuse energy of sound into a
chemically usable form.
Kenneth Suslick
ACOUSTIC CAVITATION
Cavitation
The formation, growth, and implosive collapse of
bubbles in a liquid
Cavity growth depends on many factors (f, T, t,.
etc).
Types of cavitation

Stable Cavitation
The bubbles oscillate
around their equilibrium
position over several
refraction/compression
cycles
Transient Cavitation
The bubbles grow over
one (sometimes two or
three) acoustic cycles to
double their initial size
and finally collapse
violently
Rectified diffusion
Rectified
diffusion
During
oscillations of
cavities, the
amount of gas
or vapor that
diffuses in or
out of the
cavity
depends on
the surface
area, which is
slightly larger
during
expansion
than during
compression.
Radical effects
Mechanical effects
Electrochemical
Temperature
Intensity
Frequency
Solvent
Gas type and
content
External applied
pressure
Physical Effects
The hot-spot theory
Shear forces, jets and
shock waves
Chemical Effects
Radical effects
Mechanical effects
Effect on
electrochemical
processes
HETEROGENEOUS POWDER-
LIQUID REACTIONS
1

Prevent
waste
2
Use safer
solvents and
reaction
conditions
3

Increase
energy
efficiency
4

Minimize the
potential for
accidents
RESEARCHES ON
ULTRASOUND-ASSISTED
REACTIONS
Ultrasound-promoted synthesis of quinolines using basic ionic liquids in
aqueous media as a green procedure
Elaheh Kowsari, M. Mallakmohammadi. 2011

Effect of the ultrasonic irradiation time and the ultrasonic frequency on the substituted
quinoline yield
The ultrasonic irradiation time had signicant effect on the condensation, when the amount
of BIL1 (0.5 mmol) and the ultrasonic frequency (50 kHz) were kept constant. At 1, 1.5, and
2 h, quinoline (3a) was obtained with 40%, 65%, and 95% GC yields, respectively.
Ultrasound-promoted a green protocol for the synthesis of 2,4-diarylthiazoles
under ambient temperature in [bmim]BF
4

Jalil Noei, Ahmad Reza Khosropour. 2009

A simplified green chemistry approaches to synthesis of 2-substituted 1,2,3-
triazoles and 4-amino-5-cyanopyrazole derivatives conventional heating versus
microwave and ultrasound as ecofriendly energy sources
Khadijah M. Al-Zaydi. 2009
Conclusion
As increasing environmental consciousness in chemical research
and industry, the challenge for a sustainable environment calls for
clean procedures. Ultrasonic-assisted organic synthesis (UAOS) as
a green synthetic approach is a powerful technique that is being
used more and more to accelerate organic reactions
Notable features of the ultrasound approach are enhanced reaction
rates, formation of purer products in high yields, easier
manipulation and considered a processing aid in terms of energy
conservation and waste minimization which compared with
traditional methods
[1]. Timothy J. Mason, John P. Lorimer, Applied sonochemistry: Uses of power
ultrasound in chemistry and processing, Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH, Weinheim, 2002.
[2]. Mukesh Doble, Anil K. Kruthiventi, Green chemistry and processes, Elsevier,
Oxford, 2007.
[3]. Elaheh Kowsari, M. Mallakmohammadi, Ultrasound promoted synthesis of
quinolines using basic ionic liquids in aqueous media as a green procedure, Ultrasonics
Sonochemistry, Volume 18, Issue 1, January 2011, Pages 447-454
[4]. Khadijah M. Al-Zaydi , A simplified green chemistry approaches to synthesis of 2-
substituted 1,2,3-triazoles and 4-amino-5-cyanopyrazole derivatives conventional
heating versus microwave and ultrasound as ecofriendly energy sources, Ultrasonics
Sonochemistry, Volume 16, Issue 6, August 2009, Pages 805-809
[5]. Jalil Noei, Ahmad Reza Khosropour, Ultrasound-promoted a green protocol for the
synthesis of 2,4-diarylthiazoles under ambient temperature in [bmim]BF
4
, Ultrasonics
Sonochemistry, Volume 16, Issue 6, August 2009, Pages 711-717








References
Appendix 1: Effect of temperature
Appendix 2: Effect of Intensity (or P
A
)
Appendix 3: Effect of frequency and
time
Appendix 4: Effect of solvent
1. VISCOSITY
2. VAPOUR PRESSURE
Appendix 5: Effect of gas type and
content