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This document provides a review of key concepts in digital modulation. It discusses how analog signals are converted to digital pulses using analog-to-digital conversion before transmission. It then covers different types of digital modulation techniques including PAM, PSK, FSK, BPSK, QPSK, and QAM. It also discusses concepts like channel capacity, bit rate, baud rate, frequency deviation, sampling rate, line speed, multiplexing, quantization levels, and line coding.
This document provides a review of key concepts in digital modulation. It discusses how analog signals are converted to digital pulses using analog-to-digital conversion before transmission. It then covers different types of digital modulation techniques including PAM, PSK, FSK, BPSK, QPSK, and QAM. It also discusses concepts like channel capacity, bit rate, baud rate, frequency deviation, sampling rate, line speed, multiplexing, quantization levels, and line coding.
This document provides a review of key concepts in digital modulation. It discusses how analog signals are converted to digital pulses using analog-to-digital conversion before transmission. It then covers different types of digital modulation techniques including PAM, PSK, FSK, BPSK, QPSK, and QAM. It also discusses concepts like channel capacity, bit rate, baud rate, frequency deviation, sampling rate, line speed, multiplexing, quantization levels, and line coding.
3. The channel capacity : I = 3.32BWlog(1 + SNR) in bps
4. Bit : The speed of data transmission before entering digital modulator, unit = bps
5. Baud : The speed of data transmission after undergone digital demodulator
Digital Modulation 3 CHAPTER 4 (DIGITAL MODULATION) - REVIEW
6. Baud can be define as: Bit rate / number of bit at one signal, Baud = f b / n
7. FSK : i) Space Frequency, f s at logic 1 (Low Freq) ii) Mark frequency, f m at logic 0 (High Freq) iii) f a (the highest fundametanl analog freq) = f b / 2 iv) Frequency deviation, f = |f m - f s |/2 Digital Modulation 4 CHAPTER 4 (DIGITAL MODULATION) - REVIEW
8. BPSK : I) Logic 1 at 0 o
II) Logic 0 at 180 o
III) 2 possible ouputs [ 0 or 1]
9. QPSK : I) 2 Channel, I = in-phase, Q = 90 o out of phase
II) Logic 0 at 180 degree III) 4 possible output [00, 01, 10, 11] IV) Bandwidth, BW = f b / 2 v) For 3-bit systems, BW = f b / 3
Digital Modulation 5 CHAPTER 4 (DIGITAL MODULATION) - REVIEW
10. QAM I) Combination of Amplitude & Phases Shift to
optimize the constellation diagram
II) 8-QAM => 8 output condition (2 3 ) BW = Baud = f b / 3 III) 16-QAM => 16 output conditiion (2 4 ), BW = Baud = f b / 4
* REFER TO TABLE 9-1 (Textbook, page 384)
11. PCM : I) Assign binary to the Pulse signal
II) Produced by ADC III) 2 type of sampling : - Natural (did not involve Sample & Hold cct) - Involve Sample & Hold cct IV) Sampling rate, f s 2f a
v) Dynamic range, DR = Vmax / Vmin = Vmax / resolution in Db = 20log Vmax/Vmin
Digital Modulation 6 CHAPTER 4 (DIGITAL MODULATION) - REVIEW
11. PCM Line Speed VI) Line speed, Bit rate = samples/sec x bits/sample
II) For multiple users => TDMA, FDMA & CDMA III) Frame => contains number of channel for number of bit per sample Framing bit => inserted for data protection IV) Example calculation: If there are 24 channels per frame with a frame contains 8 bits per channel and the sampling frequency of 8 kHz, The line speed : f b = 24 channel/frame x 8 bits/channel x 8000 sample/sec = 1.536 Mbps if 1 framing bit inserted, then Line spped = [(24 channel/fram x 8 bits/channel) + 1] x 8000 sample/sec = 1.544 Mbps
Digital Modulation 7 CHAPTER 4 (DIGITAL MODULATION) - REVIEW
13. Quantization Level I) depend on number of bit, L or M = 2 n
II) The higher the quantization level, the higher the DR, SNR and the number of bit per sample
14. Line Coding : I) Source Coding
II) Channel Coding III) Used for data protection & errors/noise Framing bit => inserted for data protection