Autumn2004 University of Surrey

SatComms A - part 4 - B G Evans 4.1

Satellite Communications A
Part 4
Access Schemes in Satellite Networks
-Professor Barry G Evans-

EEM.scmA

Autumn2004 University of Surrey
SatComms A - part 4 - B G Evans 4.2
EARTH STATION TRAFFIC MATRIX:
Satellite Network organisation

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SatComms A - part 4 - B G Evans 4.3
Satellite Networks
-Fixed and Demand Assignment-

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SatComms A - part 4 - B G Evans 4.4

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SatComms A - part 4 - B G Evans 4.5
Basic multiple access techniques
FREQUENCY DIVISION MULTIPLE
ACCESS (FDMA)

Autumn2004 University of Surrey
SatComms A - part 4 - B G Evans 4.6
There are two layers of multiple access:
Access to any earth station by several users
Access to the satellite by all earth stations









At each layer, the access problem is solved using one or a combination
of the basic multiple access techniques
Various layers of multiple access

Autumn2004 University of Surrey
SatComms A - part 4 - B G Evans 4.7
FDMA Techniques

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SatComms A - part 4 - B G Evans 4.8
FDMA
-1 carrier per link-
With N earth stations:
Each earth station transmits (N-1) carriers to the other
stations
The satellite repeater handles N(N-1) carriers

Autumn2004 University of Surrey
SatComms A - part 4 - B G Evans 4.9
FDMA
-1 carrier per station-
With N earth stations
Each earth station transmits to one carrier modulated by a
multiplex of the signals to the other earth stations
The satellite repeater handles N carriers


Autumn2004 University of Surrey
SatComms A - part 4 - B G Evans 4.10
One carrier per station

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SatComms A - part 4 - B G Evans 4.11
FDMA throughput

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SatComms A - part 4 - B G Evans 4.12
FDMA Summary
Access Channel: give frequency band
Advantages
Use of existing hardware to a greater extent than other
techniques
Network timing not required
Disadvantages
As the number of accesses increases, intermodulation
noise reduces the usable repeater output power (TWT
back-off). Hence there is a loss of capacity relative to
single carrier/transponder capacity
The frequency allocation may be difficult to modify
Uplink power coordination is required

Autumn2004 University of Surrey
SatComms A - part 4 - B G Evans 4.13
In a TDMA system, each earth station transmits traffic bursts, synchronized so that they
occupy ASSIGNED NON-OVERLAPPING time slots. Time slots are organised within a
periodic structure called TIME FRAME.












A burst is received by all stations in the downlink beam and any station can extract its traffic
from any of the bursts
a BURST = link from one station to several stations (TDMA=one-link-per-station
scheme)
TDMA Satellite System

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SatComms A - part 4 - B G Evans 4.14
Burst Generation

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SatComms A - part 4 - B G Evans 4.15
Recovery of data messages

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SatComms A - part 4 - B G Evans 4.16
Frame Structure
-Example: INTELSAT/EUTELSAT

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SatComms A - part 4 - B G Evans 4.17
Synchronisation -Problem statement-

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SatComms A - part 4 - B G Evans 4.18
Synchronisation -Problem statement-
Space-time graph
illustrating TDMA
synchronisation

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SatComms A - part 4 - B G Evans 4.19
Synchronisation
-Determination of stat of local TDMA frame instant

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SatComms A - part 4 - B G Evans 4.20
TDMA synchronisation

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SatComms A - part 4 - B G Evans 4.21
Synchronisation of multiple beam TDMA systems

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SatComms A - part 4 - B G Evans 4.22
Open loop synchronisation
- Measurements of round trip delay are performed by three ranging stations using closed
loop synchronization.
- Satellite position is derived by triangulation and range from each ordinary station to satellite
is calculated at reference station.
- Satellite-to-station range information and frame timing is distributed to all ordinary stations
by reference station

Autumn2004 University of Surrey
SatComms A - part 4 - B G Evans 4.23
Frame efficiency

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SatComms A - part 4 - B G Evans 4.24
TDMA throughput

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SatComms A - part 4 - B G Evans 4.25
TDMA summary
Access Channel: given time slot within time frame
Advantages
Digital signalling provides easy interfacing with developing digital
networks on ground
Digital circuitry has decreasing cost
Higher throughput compared to FDMA when number of accesses is
large
Disadvantages
Stations transmit high bit rate bursts, requiring large peak power
Network control is required
Generation and distribution of burst time plans to all traffic stations
Protocols to establish how stations enter the network
Provision of redundant reference stations with automatic switchover to
control the traffic stations
Means for monitoring the network

Autumn2004 University of Surrey
SatComms A - part 4 - B G Evans 4.26
CDMA
-Spread spectrum communications

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SatComms A - part 4 - B G Evans 4.27
Transmitter spreads baseband signal from bandwidth W to B.

B/W = spreading factor (100 to 1 000 000).

Receiver despreads only signal with proper address.

Received signals with other addresses and jammer are spread by
receiver and act as noise.

Addresses are periodic binary sequences that either modulate the carrier
directly (DIRECT SEQUENCE SYSTEMS) or change the frequency state
of the carrier (FREQUENCY HOPPING SYSTEMS).


Autumn2004 University of Surrey
SatComms A - part 4 - B G Evans 4.28
Direct sequence systems

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SatComms A - part 4 - B G Evans 4.29
Direct sequence systems
-power spectrum of data and of spread signal-

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SatComms A - part 4 - B G Evans 4.30
Direct sequence systems
-practical receiver implementation-

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SatComms A - part 4 - B G Evans 4.31
CDMA
-Frequency hopping systems

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SatComms A - part 4 - B G Evans 4.32

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SatComms A - part 4 - B G Evans 4.33
Code generation

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SatComms A - part 4 - B G Evans 4.34
Code Synchronisation
-direct sequence systems-

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SatComms A - part 4 - B G Evans 4.35
Exercise- Capacity of a CDMA system

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SatComms A - part 4 - B G Evans 4.36
Exercise- Capacity of a CDMA system

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SatComms A - part 4 - B G Evans 4.37
Multiple access
-Comparison of multiple access techniques

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SatComms A - part 4 - B G Evans 4.38
Advantages/disadvantages of various
multiple access techniques
Type of multiple access Advantages Disadvantages
FDMA Network timing not required Intermodulation products
cause degradation and poor
power utilisation
Compatible to existing
hardware
Uplink control power required
TDMA No mutual interference
between accesses
Network control required
Uplink power control not
needed
Large peak power
transmission for earth station
Maximum use of satellite
transponder power, most
efficient
Being digital in nature
interface with analogue
system is expensive
CDMA Network timing not required Wide bandwidth per user
required
Anti-jamming capability Strict code sync.needed

Autumn2004 University of Surrey
SatComms A - part 4 - B G Evans 4.39
Random Access Schemes (1)
FDMA/TDMA/CDMA fixed access have been
designed for circuit/stream traffic
Bursty data traffic e.g. packets- more
efficiently dealt with via random access
schemes
In random access there is no permanent
assignments resource is allocated when
needed on a random basis

Autumn2004 University of Surrey
SatComms A - part 4 - B G Evans 4.40
Random Access Schemes (2)
Simplest system is ALOHA transmit packets and if
collide, retransmit with random time difference.
Performance via throughput versus delay
Throughput = N L/R
N= no transmissions
= packet generation rate (S
-1
)
L= packet length (bits)
R= transmission bit rate (bits/s)
ALOHA doesnt need synchronisation
Maximum throughput 18%

Autumn2004 University of Surrey
SatComms A - part 4 - B G Evans 4.41
Random Access Schemes (3)
SLOTTED-ALOHA confines transmission to slot boundaries
and needs time synchronisation
Maximum throughput is increased to 36%






As system rapidly becomes unstable as collisions build up,
usual to operate below maxima
C
h
a
n
n
e
l

t
h
r
o
u
g
h
p
u
t

(
S
)

Channel load (G)
0.18
0.36
S-ALOHA
(S=Ge
-G
)
ALOHA
(S=Ge
-2G
)

Autumn2004 University of Surrey
SatComms A - part 4 - B G Evans 4.42
Random Access Schemes (4)
For variable length messages need to employ
more complex scheme e.g. slotted reject
ALOHA
Use multi-packet message and only re-
transmit sub-packets that collide
Increases throughput (0.37) independent of
message length

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SatComms A - part 4 - B G Evans 4.43
Random Access Schemes (5)
Comparison of random access

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SatComms A - part 4 - B G Evans 4.44
Random Access Schemes (6)
Comparison performances






For stream or file traffic need to use reservation
TDMA (DA-TDMA) schemes
ALOHA
S-ALOHA S-R.ALOHA
DA-TDMA
D
e
l
a
y

Throughput

Autumn2004 University of Surrey
SatComms A - part 4 - B G Evans 4.45
Random Access Schemes (7)
Reservation TDMA






RSF= Reservation Sub Frame
ISF = Information Sub Frame
RSF used to book space in next ISF frame according to
demand
RSF can be operated in fixed TDMA, ALOHA, S-ALOHA,
etc.
i
th
frame (i+1) frame
R
S
F
i

ISFi
R
S
F
i+1

ISF(i+1)

Autumn2004 University of Surrey
SatComms A - part 4 - B G Evans 4.46
Random Access Schemes (8)
Summary
Select RA scheme for traffic type and
delay/throughput ( number of txs)
Take care to achieve stability
ALOHA: short bursty traffic
S-ALOHA: short bursty traffic better throughput
S-R.ALOHA: variable length messages
RA-TDMA: stream or file transfers