1

(1) Heat Exchanger Types

(2) Heat Exchanger Analysis
Methods
Overall Heat Transfer Coefficient
fouling, enhanced surfaces
LMTD Method
Effectiveness-NTU Method

Outline
2
HX Classifications


3
HX Classifications


4
Concentric tube (double piped)


Heat Exchanger Types
5
Concentric tube (double piped)
One pipe is placed concentrically within
the diameter of a larger pipe
Parallel flow versus counter flow




Heat Exchanger Types
Fluid A
Fluid B
6
Shell and Tube


Heat Exchanger Types
7


Compact Heat
Exchangers




Heat Exchanger
Types
8
Cross Flow
finned versus unfinned
mixed versus unmixed


Heat Exchanger Types
9
Heat Exchanger Types

10



Heat Exchanger Types
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Heat Exchanger Analysis
Overall Heat Transfer Coefficient
LMTD
Effectiveness-NTU
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Overall Heat Transfer Coefficient
h o h o
h f
w
c o
c f
c o
hA A
R
R
A
R
hA UA ) (
1
) ( ) ( ) (
1 1
, ,






The overall coefficient is used to analyze heat ex-
changers. It contains the effect of hot and cold side
convection, conduction as well as fouling and fins.
factor fouling

f
R
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Enhanced Surfaces
14




Log-Mean Temperature Difference
To relate the total heat transfer rate to inlet and
outlet fluid temperatures. Apply energy balance:
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Log-Mean Temperature Difference
We can also relate the total heat transfer rate to the
temperature difference between the hot and cold
fluids.
LM
c h
T UA Q
T T T let


.
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The log mean temperature difference
depends on the heat exchanger
configuration
T
h,in
T
h,out
T
h,in
T
c,in
T
h,out
T
c,in
T
c,out
T
c,out
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LMTD Parallel-Flow HX
o c o h c h
i c i h c h
LM LM
T T T T T
T T T T T
T T
T T
T T UA Q
, , 2 , 2 , 2
, , 1 , 1 , 1
) 1 2
1 2


: Flow Parallel for Where
/ ln(






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LMTD Counter-Flow HX
i c o h c h
o c i h c h
LM LM
T T T T T
T T T T T
T T
T T
T T UA Q
, , 2 , 2 , 2
, , 1 , 1 , 1
) 1 2
1 2


: Flow Counter for Where
/ ln(






T
lm,CF
> T
lm,PF
FOR SAME U: A
CF
< A
PF
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LMTD- Multi-Pass and Cross-Flow
CF LM LM LM
T F T T UA Q
,

Apply a correction factor to obtain LMTD
t: Tube Side
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LMTD Method
Sizing a Heat Exchanger:
Calculate Q and the unknown outlet
temperature.
Calculate DT
lm
and obtain the correction
factor (F) if necessary
Calculate the overall heat transfer
coefficient.
Determine A.
The LMTD method is not as easy to use for
performance analysis.
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The Effectiveness-NTU Method
Define Q
max

for C
c
< C
h
Q
max
= C
c
(T
h,i
- T
c,i
)
for C
h
< C
c
Q
max
= C
h
(T
h,i
- T
c,i
)

or Q
max
= C
min
(T
h,i
- T
c,i
)




Q = eC
min
(T
h,i
- T
c,i
)

) (
) (
) (
) (
, , min
, ,
, , min
, ,
max i c i h
i c o c c
i c i h
o h i h h
T T C
T T C
T T C
T T C
q
q

e
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The Effectiveness-NTU Method
For any heat exchanger:
e f(NTU,C
min
/C
max
)

NTU (number of transfer units)
designates the nondimensional heat
transfer size of the heat exchanger:

min
C
UA
NTU
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The Effectiveness-NTU Method





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The Effectiveness-NTU Method
PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS
Calculate the capacity ratio C
r
= C
min
/C
max
and
NTU = UA/C
min
from input data
Determine the effectiveness from the
appropriate charts or e-NTU equations for the
given heat exchanger and specified flow
arrangement.
When e is known, calculate the total heat
transfer rate
Calculate the outlet temperature.

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The Effectiveness-NTU Method
SIZING ANALYSIS
When the outlet and inlet temperatures are
known, calculate e.
Calculate the capacity ratio C
r
= C
min
/C
max

Calculate the overall heat transfer coefficient, U
When e and C and the flow arrangement are
known, determine NTU from the e-NTU
equations.
When NTU is known, calculate the total heat
transfer surface area.

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The Homework